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2016英语专四改革完形填空模拟练习（14）

2016-02-16 11:45:24来源：网络

2016英语专四改革完形填空模拟练习（14）

　　2016英语专四改革，完型填空由原始20个选择题，变为15选10 的选词填空(与四六级形式一致)。新东方在线英语专四频道将根据改革后的新题型为专四考生设置2016英语专四改革完形填空模拟练习，供考生们参考。

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.

　　In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent


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