2016年英语专八听力原文

2017-11-22 10:02:03来源:网络

2016年英语专八听力原文

  英语专八考生平时复习听力的时,候往年的英语专八真题听力原文是很好的复习资料,专八考生可以先根据听力做题之后再根据专八听力原文进行分析自己的错题点。下面是新东方在线英语专八频道为大家整理的2016年英语专八听力原文。

section A mini-lecture

  Models for Arguments

  论证的模式

  Good morning, everyone.

  大家早上好。

  My name is David and I am good at arguing.

  我叫大卫,擅长辩论。

  So welcome to our introductory lecture on argumentation.

  欢迎大家来听这次辩论的介绍。

  Why do we want to argue?

  我们为什么想要辩论?

  Why do we try to convince other people to believe things that they don't want to believe.

  为什么我们想要让别人相信他们不愿相信的事情。

  And is that even a nice thing to do?

  这样做到底好不好?

  Is that a nice way to treat other human being, try and make them think something they don't want to think?

  这样对待别人,试图让他们思考不想思考的事情,到底合不合适?

  Well, my answer is going to make reference to three models for arguments.

  我的答案将涉及到三种辩论模式。

  The first model --- let's call this the dialectical model--- is that we think of arguments as war.

  第一种模式,我们叫它辩证模式,这种模式中,我们把辩论看作战争。

  And you know what that's like.

  你也知道那是怎样的情况。

  There is a lot of screaming and shouting and winning and losing.

  充斥着扰攘与成败。

  And that's not really a very helpful model for arguing, but it's a pretty common and fixed one.

  这种模式对辩论帮助不大,却很普遍,很常用。

  I guess you must have seen that type of arguing many times--- in the street, on the bus or in the subway.

  我猜你一定经常看到这种辩论:大街上,公交车上,地铁里。

  Let's move on to the second model.

  接下来我们看第二种模式。

  The second model for arguing regards arguments as proofs.

  第二种论证模式把争论作为验证过程。

  Think of a mathematician's argument.

  想想数学家的论证。

  Here's my argument.

  这是我的论点。

  Does it work? Is it any good? Are the premises warranted?

  这个论点有效吗?有什么优点吗?前提可以保证为真吗?

  Are the inferences valid? Does the conclusion follow the premises?

  推断有效吗?结论与前提一致吗?

  No opposition, no adversariality--- not necessarily any arguing in the adversarial sense.

  没有反对方,没有对抗,不需要任何反对的声音与之争论。

  And there's a third model to keep in mind that I think is going to be very helpful, and that is arguments as performances.

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