2019英语专四语法复习之介词

　　2019英语专四考试第三部分语言知识题分值为20分。分值与专四阅读理解相等。所以考生们想要顺利通过2019英语专四考试，复习英语专四语法是重点之一，下面新东方在线英语专四频道为大家讲解2019英语专四语法复习之介词。

2019英语专四语法复习汇总

　　介词定义：介词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类作它的宾语。

　　介词分类：

　　1.由一个单词构成的介词，叫作简单介词。

　　2.由两个或两个以上单词构成的介词，叫作复杂介词。

　　3.由两个介词构成的介词，叫作双重介词。

　　一、分类

1 . 简单介词

　　指由一个单词构成的介词, 简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、名词、连词等转变而来, 常用的有:by, in, after , on, at , past , since, till , until , over, opposite, off, near , of, with, up, under, toward( s) , through , like, from, for , down , during, except , but , beyond,

　　between ,besides, beside, beneath, below, behind, before, among, along, against , above, across ,about , amid( st) , onto, underneath , unlike, round, next , despite, than, save 除⋯⋯之外, 等。

　　2 . 以-ing 结尾的介词

　　这类介词由现在分词演变而来, 常用的有:excepting 除⋯⋯外, including 包括, regarding 关于, barring 除⋯⋯外, concerning 关于, touching 关于, considering 就⋯⋯而言, saving 除外, respecting 关于, pending 在⋯⋯之中(到⋯⋯为止) , failing 如果没有(若无⋯⋯时) , following 在⋯⋯以后, 等。

　　3 . 合成介词

　　into 进入, outside 在⋯⋯外, within 在⋯⋯内, without 没有, throughout 遍及(贯穿) ,inside 在⋯⋯内, upon 在⋯⋯上, alongside 在⋯⋯旁边(沿着) , notwithstanding 虽然,等。 4 . 短语介词

　　这类介词是短语性的固定介词搭配, 可以是介词+ 名词, 介词+ 介词, 介词+ 分词, 介词+ 动词, 介词+ 形容词, 介词+ 副词等构成, 常用的有:out of 从⋯⋯里面(从⋯⋯中) , but for 要不是, ahead of 在⋯⋯前, according to 根据,apar t from 除⋯⋯外, along with 同⋯⋯一起, because of 由于(因为) , together with 同⋯⋯一起, as regards 关于, as to 关于(至于) , due to 由于, in front of 在⋯⋯前面, in place of 代替, on behalf of 代表, near to 靠近, instead of 替代(而不) , next to 紧靠旁边(贴近) , on account of 由于(鉴于) , owing to 由于(因为) , with regard to 关于, in regard to 关于, prior to 在⋯⋯前, in view of 考虑到, in spite of 尽管, in accordance with 根据,by means of 用(依靠) , as f rom 自⋯⋯起, as for 至于, apar t from 除⋯⋯外(若无) , except for 除⋯⋯外, as concerns 关于, as compared with 同⋯⋯相比, for want of 因为缺乏, at the cost of 以⋯⋯为代价, over against 在⋯⋯对面(正对着) , down to 下至( 直至) , away from 离开, irrespective of 不顾, with a view to 旨在(目的是) , on the point of正要⋯⋯之际, in the event of 如果发生(万一) , for the sake of 为了, by way of 经由(通过) , up to 一直到, thanks to 由于(多亏) , previous to 先于, due to 由于, 等。

　　短语介词不同于介词短语。短语介词是用作介词的短语(如with a view to) , 不可独立使用, 本身不能作句子成分, 后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等; 介词短语是由介词+ 宾语构成的短语(如with a view to buying a car ) , 本身可作句子成分, 如作定语、状语等, 可独立使用。

　　I will help you for the sake o f our f riendship . 为了我们的友谊, 我是愿意帮助你的。( for the sake of 是短语介词, for the sake of our friendship 是介词短语, 作状语)

　　介词出现的位置

　　1 . 介词通常位于名词或代词前

　　The book is beyond her ./The man is beneath contempt .

　　2. 在某些结构中, 介词可以放在句尾

　　1)在介词+ whom/ which/ what/ whose 结构位于句首的疑问句中, 介词常可放在句尾 Who is she talking to ?/Which desk did you put the book on ?

　　2)定语从句中位于that/ whom/ which 之前的介词也可以放在句尾

　　在这种情况下, 关系代词可以省略。但介词不可放在that 前面, 而必须放在句尾, that 可省略 This is the kind of life ( that , which) he is used to .

　　3)某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中, 关系代词为介词宾语位于从句句首时, 介词应后置 I dont know what you are driving at ./Money is what he is badly in need of . 4)动词不定式作状语, 需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时, 介词应后置 The lake is safe to swim in .

　　5)动词不定式作定语, 需要介词同动词不定式所修饰的名词构成介宾关系时, 介词应后置 Its a nice place to live in .

　　3 . 在某些“(不及物)动词+ 介词”结构中, 介词紧跟动词后

　　在这种结构中, 宾语不可放在动词和介词之间, 只能放在介词后面 The thief broke into the house .

　　介词的宾语

　　1)介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词, 还可以是其他词类或句子等 名词 He is walking along the river . 代词 She is interested in it .

　　形容词 Your plan is far f rom per f ect .

　　副词 I cant see the tower clearly f rom here . 动名词 She spent the morning in reading .

　　不定式 He couldnt do anything except wait for the reply . 介词短语 He suddenly appeared f rom behind the door .

　　数词 The students walked there in twos and threes .

　　疑问词+ 不定式 That depends on which method to take .

　　疑问词引导从句 He does not care about who will be promoted . that 引导的从句 I would go with you but that I am too busy .

　　2)介词后的其他结构:

　　He is away from home with his children alone . (名词+ 形容词) With the sun down , night came on . (名词+ 副词)

　　He left home without a cent in his pocket . (名词+ 介词短语)

　　The night was beautiful with the moon shining brightly . (名词+ 现在分词) His success depends on him (或his) working hard . (代词+ 现在分词) They parted f rom each other without a word said . (名词+ 过去分词) The soldiers returned with a man bound up in rope . (名词+ 过去分词) He wandered about without anything to do . (代词+ 不定式) She stayed late with a lot o f letters to write . (名词+ 不定式)

　　He stayed there three years with Jim his only f riend . (名词+ 同位语)

　　3)值得注意的是, 除了in that , except that , save that , but that , notwithstanding that 外,that 引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语, 必须在介词和that 之间加上先行词, 一般是it

　　You can count on that your needs will be satisfied . (误) You can count on it that your needs will be satisfied . (正)

　　4)能作介词宾语的形容词是不多的, 常见于下列固定词组中:

　　in common 共同, in common with 与⋯⋯相同, in the open 在户外(公开地, 在露天) , in full 充分地(全部地) , far from+ adjective 远远不⋯⋯, for the better 好转, in earnest 认真地, in brief ( short )简言之(总而言之) , for the worse 恶化(变坏) , for sure ( certain) 肯定地, at ( the) most 至多, at least 至少, for short 简称(缩写) , in bad( with sb . ) 失去⋯⋯欢心, for good 永久地(一劳永逸地) , at ( the) longest 至多( 指日期) , from bad to worse 越来越坏(每况愈下) , to the full 尽量地(充分地) , of late 最近, on the whole 总的来说(大体上) , to the good 有好处(净增) , on the sly 偷偷地(秘密地) , to the cont rary 相反的(地) , in the wrong 错的, in the right 正确的( 有理的) , in the rough 大体上( 未完成) , in the red 亏损(出现赤字) , of late 近来, in the raw 处于自然状态的(裸露的) , in vain 徒劳(无效) , in particular 尤其(特别) , for better or worse 不论好坏(不管怎么样) ,at ( the ) latest 最迟, at ones ( its ) + best . . .处于最⋯⋯状态, at large 逍遥法外(一般的) , in the clear 按(两边之间的)内宽计算(无嫌疑, 无罪, 还清债务) , of old 昔日的(很久前)

　　They pledged to stand together f or better or worse .

　　介词短语作另一介词的宾语是常见的语言现象, 如: f rom behind the hill 从山后面,till after dinner 到晚饭后, since before the war 自战前以来

　　介词的语法功能

　　介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分, 构成介词短语。介词短语可 以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一介词的宾语, 间或作主语等。例如: He is a man o f integrity . (定语)

　　Her eyes were tired f rom long reading . (状语) The decision is o f great importance to me . (表语) They found the machine in a bad state . (宾语补足语) The dog ran out towards the criminal . (介词宾语)

　　On purpose or not on pur pose is of great difference . (作主语)

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