2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本（十八）

2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本（十八）

　　2019专八考试临近，寒假期间专八考生们也别松懈了对专八听力的训练，新东方在线专八频道整理了2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本，希望大家认真复习。

2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本汇总

　　[00:10.12]TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS--GRADE EIGHT

　　[00:13.51]Section A MINI-LECTURE

　　[00:16.97]In this section you will hear a mini-lecture.

　　[00:20.29]You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.

　　[00:23.73]While listening to the mini-lecture,

　　[00:25.82]please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE

　　[00:30.29]and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.

　　[00:34.70]Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically

　　[00:39.23]and semantically acceptable.

　　[00:41.85]You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.

　　[00:45.67]You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.

　　[01:19.89]Now, listen to the mini-lecture.

　　[01:22.30]When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes

　　[01:25.05]to check your work.

　　[01:27.32]Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications

　　[01:32.47]Good morning everyone.

　　[01:34.04]Today, we are going to continue our discussion

　　[01:36.97]about the non-verbal communication across cultures.

　　[01:41.29]Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others;

　　[01:46.97]its importance is multiplied across cultures.

　　[01:50.35]This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues

　　[01:53.58]when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous,

　　[01:57.50]as they are more likely to be across cultures,

　　[02:00.30]especially when different languages are being used.

　　[02:03.57]Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense —

　　[02:07.94]our ideas of what is appropriate, normal, and effective

　　[02:12.27]as communication in relationships —

　　[02:15.01]we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spacial relations,

　　[02:22.13]emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues.

　　[02:28.60]Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance

　　[02:32.41]to verbal and nonverbal behavior.

　　[02:35.59]Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada

　　[02:39.57]tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication.

　　[02:44.98]This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen,

　　[02:49.29]or that it is unimportant,

　　[02:51.11]but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it

　　[02:55.50]than on the literal meanings of words of themselves.

　　[02:59.29]In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia,

　　[03:03.40]understanding the nonverbal components of communication

　　[03:06.79]is relatively more important to receiving

　　[03:09.28]the intended meaning of the communication as a whole.

　　[03:13.34]Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures.

　　[03:18.09]For example, research has shown

　　[03:20.39]that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise

　　[03:26.66]are expressed in similar ways by people around the world.

　　[03:30.27]Today, I will mainly focus on the differences

　　[03:33.69]and introduce the variables of non-verbal differences across cultures.

　　[03:38.73]The first difference surfaces with respect to

　　[03:42.11]which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

　　[03:48.61]For instance, it may be more social acceptable in some settings in the United States

　　[03:53.90]for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear.

　　[04:01.10]At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult.

　　[04:07.54]In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression

　　[04:11.53]that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness

　　[04:15.49]may actually express anger or mask sadness,

　　[04:19.85]both of which are unacceptable to show overtly.

　　[04:23.60]These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict, or escalate existing conflict.

　　[04:30.50]Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations

　　[04:35.33]due to a death in her family.

　　[04:37.60]She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief

　　[04:41.35]that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.

　　[04:45.72]For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness,

　　[04:50.57]this smile may seem incongruous and even cold, under the circumstances.

　　[04:56.27]Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures,

　　[05:00.50]their interpretations remain culture-specific.

　　[05:04.81]It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values

　　[05:10.49]in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions.

　　[05:16.57]Since we have touched upon the relation between emotion and facial expressions,

　　[05:21.11]let me now talk a little bit about facial expressions.

　　[05:25.52]While some say that facial expressions are identical, meaning attached to them differs.

　　[05:31.61]Majority opinion is that these do have similar meanings world-wide

　　[05:36.37]with respect to smiling, crying, or showing anger, sorrow, or disgust.

　　[05:42.24]For example, some see "animated" expressions as a sign of a lack of control

　　[05:48.56]and too much smiling is viewed as a sign of shallowness.

　　[05:52.83]Despite these resemblances across cultures,

　　[05:55.96]facial expressions do vary from culture to culture.

　　[05:59.99]For instance, many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as much as possible.

　　[06:06.29]Many Mediterranean cultures exaggerate grief or sadness

　　[06:10.49]while most American men hide grief or sorrow.

　　[06:14.18]The second variable across cultures has to do with proxemics,

　　[06:18.41]or ways of relating to space.

　　[06:21.08]Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about

　　[06:24.63]polite space for conversations and negotiations.

　　[06:28.67]North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space,

　　[06:32.60]perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside.

　　[06:37.11]Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking,

　　[06:41.35]and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces.

　　[06:45.27]In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach,

　　[06:50.13]a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay

　　[06:54.11]in a relatively small space near their parents,

　　[06:58.01]while U.S. children ranged up and down a large area of the beach.

　　[07:03.26]The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist,

　　[07:07.50]but the judgments that get attached to them.

　　[07:10.37]If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close

　　[07:13.79]when they are talking with another, they may see the other's attempt

　　[07:17.65]to create more space as evidence of coldness, condescension, or a lack of interest.

　　[07:24.38]Those who are accustomed to more personal space

　　[07:27.62]may view attempts to get closer as pushy, disrespectful, or aggressive.

　　[07:33.40]Neither is correct — they are simply different.

　　[07:36.70]Also related to space is the degree of comfort we feel

　　[07:40.45]moving furniture or other objects.

　　[07:43.72]It is said that a German executive working in the United States

　　[07:47.61]became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves

　　[07:53.10]that he had it bolted to the floor.

　　[07:55.71]Contrast this with U.S. and Canadian mediators and conflict-resolution trainers,

　　[08:01.47]whose first step in preparing for a meeting

　　[08:04.64]is not infrequently a complete rearrangement of the furniture.

　　[08:10.19]Finally, line-waiting behavior and behavior in group settings

　　[08:15.04]like grocery stores or government offices is culturally-influenced.

　　[08:20.03]Novinger reports that the English and U.S. Americans are serious about

　　[08:24.88]standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs

　　[08:28.06]in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served."

　　[08:32.80]The French, on the other hand, have a practice of resquillage, or line jumping,

　　[08:37.84]that irritates many British and U.S. Americans.

　　[08:41.95]In another example, immigrants from Armenia report

　　[08:45.18]that it is difficult to adjust to a system of waiting in line,

　　[08:49.74]when their home context permitted one member of a family

　　[08:53.44]to save spots for several others.

　　[08:56.49]In closing, I would like to say

　　[08:58.24]that these examples of differences related to nonverbal communication

　　[09:02.78]are only the tip of the iceberg.

　　[09:05.61]Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources,

　　[09:09.45]and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency

　　[09:15.30]to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.

　　[09:21.20]Now you have THREE minutes to check your work.

　　[12:25.87]This is the end of Section A MINI-LECTURE.

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