1998年英语专业八级考试真题（附听力mp3及答案）

　　PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION(15 MIN)

　　The following passage contains TEN errors. Each linecontains a maximum of one error and three are freefrom error. In each case, only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it inthe following way.?

　　For a wrong word, underline the wrong word andwrite the correct one in the blank provided at the endof the line.?

　　For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the wordyou believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.?

　　For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.?

　　If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the line

　　PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)

　　The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error andthree are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread thepassage and correct it in the following way.?

　　For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided atthe end of the line.?

　　For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the wordyou believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.?

　　For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.?

　　If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the line.

　　Example

　　When ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an

　　It never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) never

　　them on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) ∕

　　wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibit

　　When a human infant is born into any community in any part

　　of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided (1)_____

　　neither of them have been damaged in any way either before (2)_____

　　or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children

　　are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to

　　pay attention to their helplessness lay using sound, there is nothing (3)_____

　　the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without

　　care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,

　　grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive.

　　This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast

　　with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet (4)______

　　within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few

　　hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes (5)______

　　for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human

　　infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. (6)______

　　It is during this very long period in which the human infant

　　is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature (7) ______

　　which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a

　　capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest

　　that language be "species specific" to the human race, that is (8) ______

　　to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed (9) ______

　　in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies (10) ______

　　that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour, and just asthey are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed tolearn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-formed human beings.

　　PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN)

　　SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

　　In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choicequestions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Colored AnswerSheet.

　　TEXT A

　　On Society

　　Low self-esteem pops up regularly in academic reports as an explanation for all sorts ofviolence, from hate crimes and street crimes to terrorism. But despite the popularity of theexplanation, not much evidence backs it up. In a recent issue of Psychological Review, threeresearchers examine this literature at length and conclude that a much stronger link connectshigh self-esteem to violence. "It is difficult to maintain belief in the low self-esteem view afterseeing that the more violent groups are generally the ones with higher self-esteem," write RoyBaumeister of Case Western Reserve University and Laura Smart and Joseph Boden of theUniversity of Virginia.

　　The conventional view is that people without self-esteem try to gain it by hurting others. Theresearchers find that violence is much more often the work of people with unrealistically highself-esteem attacking others who challenge their self-image. Under this umbrella come bullies,rapists, psychopaths and members of street gangs and organized crime.

　　The study concludes: "Certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase one's proneness toviolence. An uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore becounterproductive and even dangerous. ... The societal pursuit of high self-esteem foreveryone may literally end up doing considerable harm. "

　　As for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel better about themselves, "perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility," the researchers write.

　　In an interview with the Boston Globe, Baumeister said he believes the "self-promotingestablishment is starting to crumble. "What would work better for the country is to forgetabout self-esteem and concentrate on self-control," he said.

　　In the schools, this would mean turning away from psychic boosterism and emphasizing self-esteem as a by-product of real achievement, not as an end in itself. The self-esteemmovement, still entrenched in schools of education, is deeply implicated in the dumbing downof our schools, and in the spurious equality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow ifone student does any better or any worse than another. Let's hope it is indeed crumbling.

　　16. The researchers find that there are stronger connections between .

　　A. low self-esteem and violence B. low self-control and violence

　　C. high self-image and violence D. high self-control and violence

　　17. The researchers would most probably agree with the following EXCEPT .

　　A. self-esteem should be promoted and encouraged

　　B. schools should change their concept of self-esteem

　　C. the traditional view is beginning to lose ground

　　D. prisons should change their present practice

　　TEXT B

　　Social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones,simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the formers. There are moreideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions.In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneoussocieties. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life todecision rather than subjecting them to authority. In a quite homogeneous society- thereare fewer occasions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, becauseeverything seems to be the same and. if not satisfactory, at least customary and undisputed.

　　Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily (1) in thematerial aspects of the culture than in the non-material. for example, in technology rather thanin values; (2) in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early: (3) in theless basic, less emotional, or less sacred aspects of society than in their opposites. likereligion or a system of prestige: (4) in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; (5) in form rather than in substance: and (6) in elements congenial to the culture rather thanin strange elements.

　　Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily inhuman relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is onereason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to otherAmerican minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and theirwhite counterparts.

　　18. According to the passage, the main difference between a homogeneous society and aheterogeneous one lies in .

　　A. the number of opportunities offered

　　B. the nature of conflicts of interest

　　C. the awareness of the need for change

　　D. the role of social organizations

　　19. The author would most probably agree that changes are more likely to be successful in .

　　A. production methods B. ideological concepts

　　C. religious beliefs D. social behavior

　　TEXT C

　　One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominantform of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it. is thatworking time will continue to fall. People in jobs will work fewer hours in the day. fewer days inthe week, fewer weeks in the year, and fewer years in a lifetime, than they do now. This willmean that more jobs will be available for more people. This, it is said, is the way we should setabout restoring full employment.

　　There is no doubt that something of this kind will happen. The shorter working week, longerholidays, earlier retirement, job-sharing -- these and other ways of reducing the amount of timepeople spend on their jobs +- are certainly likely to spread. A mix of part-time paid work andpart-time unpaid work is likely to become a much more common work pattern than today, anda flexi-life pattern of work -involving paid employment at certain stages of life, but not atothers — will become widespread. But it is surely unrealistic to assume that this make itpossible to restore full employment as the dominant form of work.

　　In the first place, so long as employment remains the overwhelming important form of worksource of income for most people that it is today, it is very difficult to see how reductions inemployees' working time can take place on a scale sufficiently large and at a pace sufficientlyfast to make it possible to share out the available paid employment to everyone who wants it.Such negotiations as there have recently been, for example in Britain and Germany, about thepossibility of introducing a 35-hour working week, have highlighted some of the difficulties. But,secondly, if changes of this kind were to take place at a pace and on a scale sufficient to makeit possible to share employment among all who wanted it. the resulting situation — in whichmost people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week -could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly validform of work. There would be so many people spending so much of their time on otheractivities, including other forms of useful work, that the primacy of employment would bebound to be called into question, at least to some extent.

　　20. The author uses the negotiations in Britain and Germany as an example to _____

　　A. support reductions in employees' working time

　　B. indicate employees are unwilling to share jobs

　　C. prove the possibility of sharing paid employment

　　D. how that employment will lose its dominance

　　21. At the end of the passage the author seems to imply that as a result of shorter workingtime _____.

　　A. employment may not retain its usual importance

　　B. employment may not be regarded as valid work

　　C. people can be engaged in far less unpaid work

　　D. people can be engaged in far more unpaid work

　　22. The author's attitude towards future full employment is generally .

　　A. supportive B. wavering C. skeptical D. unclear

　　TEXT D

　　During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, advertising was a relativelystraightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly topromote novelties and fringe products. But when factory productions got into full swing andnew products, e. g. processed foods, came onto the market, national advertising campaignsand brand-naming of products became necessary. Before large-scale factory production, thetypical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and the task of distributing andselling goods had largely been undertaken by wholesalers. The small non-specialized factorywhich did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt itsproduction according to changes in public demands.

　　But the economic depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point betweenthe old method of industrial organization and distribution and the new. From the beginning ofthe nineteenth century until the 1870s. production had steadily expanded and there had been acorresponding growth in retail outlets. But the depression brought on a crisis of over-production and under-consumption — manufactured goods piled up unsold and prices andprofits fell. Towards the end of the century many of the small industrial firms realized that theywould be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they combinedwith other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all theireggs were not in one basket. They also realized that they would have to take steps to ensurethat once their goods had been produced there was a market for them. This period ushered inthe first phase of what economists now call "monopoly capitalism", which, roughly speaking,refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises.Whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms, after thedepression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on massadvertising to promote their new range of products.

　　A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn ofthe century can be found in the soap trade. From about the 1850s the market had beenflooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers anddistributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers. Competition grew steadily throughout thelatter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressiveselling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. For instance, the future LordLeverhulme decided to "brand" his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order tofacilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty.

　　Lord Leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realize that advertisements shouldcontain "logical and considered" arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans. Manyadvertisers followed his lead and started to include "reason-why" copy in their ads. For example,one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product couldenhance martial bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowlof frothy suds. And an ad for Cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailedother benefits-, 'for the infant it is a delight and a support; for the young girl, a source ofhealthy vigour; for the young miss in her teens a valuable aid to development... ' and so on.As the writer E. S. Turner rightly points out, the advertising of this period had reached the"stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration". Indeed advertise or bustseemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted andsmaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the largercompanies.

　　23. An example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages ofthe Industrial Revolution is ____ .

　　A. a cooking utensil B. new child's toy

　　C. tinned fruit D. household soap

　　24. One of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading companieswas to _____ .

　　A. buy out small firms B. take over distribution

　　C. resort to product designing D. keep contact with their customers

　　25. In addition to distinctive packaging, contemporary products should also _____ .

　　A. draw customers' attention to their benefits

　　B. make customers aware of their attractiveness

　　C. display details of the main ingredients

　　D. focus on proclamation and promotion

专四专八精选好课 暖心助学

新东方好老师 手把手带学