专八人文知识需知的美国名人--富兰克林·罗斯福

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--富兰克林·罗斯福

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　富兰克林· 德拉诺·罗斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt ，1882年1月30日-1945年4月12日)美国31位、第32任总统(1933年3月4日——1937年1月20日，1937年1月20日——1941年1月20日，1941年1月20日——1945年1月20日，1945年1月20日——1945年4月12日 ) 美国历史上唯一蝉联四届(第四届未任满)的总统。罗斯福在20世纪的经济大萧条和第二次世界大战中扮演了重要的角色。被学者评为是美国最伟大的三位总统之一。美国第26任总统西奥多·罗斯福是富兰克林·罗斯福的远房堂叔。

　　1910年，罗斯福以民主党人的身份开始涉足政界。当他把这个决定告诉身为共和党人的总统叔叔时，对方怒任海军助理部长时的罗斯福而骂道：“你这个卑鄙的兔崽子!你这个叛徒……”但是富兰克林·罗斯福没有改变前进方向。他乘着一辆红色的汽车，每天进行十多次演说，最终当选纽约市参议员。1913年，威尔逊总统任命他为海军助理部长，他在任七年，表现杰出，主张建设"强大而有作战能力的海军"，罗斯福在海军中建立了贯穿其一生的影响。1919年，罗斯福为威尔逊的国际聪明计划奔走游说，结果导致1920年竞选副总统失败。虽然此次竞选失败了，但他的作为政治新星的光芒却未曾削减。此后，罗斯福出任马里兰信用与储蓄公司的副董事长，同时又重操律师业。此外，罗斯福还从事各种商业冒险活动。

　　智慧、干练、胸怀宽广、深孚众望，似乎什么都不能阻挡这个39岁的男人迈上政治峰巅的脚步。但是，无情的灾难就在这时降临。1921年8月，罗斯福带全家在坎波贝洛岛休假，在扑灭了一场林火后，他跳进了冰冷的海水，因此患上了脊髓灰质炎症。高烧、疼痛、麻木以及终生残疾的前景，并没有使罗斯福放弃理想和信念，他一直坚持不懈地锻炼，企图恢复行走和站立能力，他用以疗病的佐治亚温泉被众人称之为“笑声震天的地方”。在康复期间，罗斯福大量阅读书籍，其中有不少传记和历史著作，却几乎没有经济学或哲学著作。 　　罗斯福的外交思想源于他最钦佩的两位总统。他的远房堂叔西奥多·罗斯福教给他如何捍卫民族利益，达到权力制衡。伍德罗·威尔逊教给他：国际秩序是建立在共同维护和平的基础上的。1928年，在罗斯福夫人的理解与支持下，罗斯福重返政界，参加州长竞选而险胜，于1929年出任纽约州州长(1930年再次当选州长)。纽约可以说是罗斯福培养进行政治活动和管理国家事务的能力的实验场所。

　　Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) was the 32nd President of theUnited States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the UnitedStates during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American presidentelected to more than two terms (he was elected to four but only served three full terms, dying inhis fourth term), he was often referred to by his initials, FDR. Roosevelt won his first of fourpresidential elections in 1932, while the United States was in the depths of the Great Depression.FDR's combination of optimism and economic activism is often credited with keeping the country'seconomic crisis from developing into a political crisis. He led the United States through most ofWorld War II, and died in office of a cerebral hemorrhage shortly before the war ended.

　　State Senator

　　In the State election of 1910, Roosevelt ran for the New York State Senate from the districtaround Hyde Park in Dutchess County, which had not elected a Democrat since 1884. He enteredthe Roosevelt name, with its associated wealth, prestige, and influence in the Hudson Valley, andthe Democratic landslide that year carried him to the state capital Albany. Roosevelt took his seaton January 1, 1911. He became the leader of a group of "Insurgents" who opposed the Tammanymachine which dominated the state Democratic Party. The U.S. Senate election which began withthe Democratic caucus on January 16, 1911, was deadlocked by the struggle of the two factionsfor 74 days. On March 31, James A. O'Gorman was elected, and Roosevelt had achieved his goal:to upset the Tammany machine by blocking their choice William F. Sheehan. Roosevelt soonbecame a popular figure among New York Democrats. He was re-elected for a second term in theState election of 1912, but resigned from the New York State Senate on March 17, 1913, toaccept his appointment as Assistant U.S. Secretary of the Navy.

　　Assistant Secretary of the Navy

　　FDR as Assistant Secretary for the Navy.Franklin D. Roosevelt was appointed Assistant Secretaryof the Navy by Woodrow Wilson in 1913. He served under Secretary of the Navy JosephusDaniels. In 1914, he was defeated in the Democratic primary election for the United States Senateby Tammany Hall-backed James W. Gerard. As assistant secretary, Roosevelt worked to expandthe Navy and founded the United States Navy Reserve. Wilson sent the Navy and Marines tointervene in Central American and Caribbean countries. In a series of speeches in his 1920campaign for Vice President, Roosevelt claimed that he, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, wrotethe constitution which the U.S. imposed on Haiti in 1915.

　　1932 presidential election

　　Roosevelt's strong base in the most populous state made him an obvious candidate for theDemocratic nomination, which was hotly contested since it seemed that incumbent HerbertHoover would be vulnerable in the 1932 election. Al Smith was supported by some city bosses,buthad lost control of the New York Democratic party to Roosevelt. Roosevelt built his own nationalcoalition with personal allies such as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, Irish leaderJoseph P. Kennedy, Sr., and California leader William Gibbs McAdoo. When Texas leader JohnNance Garner switched to FDR, he was given the presidential nomination.

　　The election campaign was conducted under the shadow of the Great Depression in the UnitedStates, and the new alliances which it created. Roosevelt and the Democratic Party mobilized theexpanded ranks of the poor as well as organized labor, ethnic minorities, urbanites, and Southernwhites, crafting the New Deal coalition. During the campaign, Roosevelt said: "I pledge you, Ipledge myself, to a new deal for the American people", coining a slogan that was later adopted forhis legislative program as well as his new coalitionEconomist Marriner Eccles observed that "givenlater developments, the campaign speeches often read like a giant misprint, in which Roosevelt andHoover speak each other's lines." Roosevelt denounced Hoover's failures to restore prosperity oreven halt the downward slide, and he ridiculed Hoover's huge deficits. Roosevelt campaigned onthe Democratic platform advocating "immediate and drastic reductions of all public expenditures," "abolishing useless commissions and offices, consolidating bureaus and eliminating extravagancesreductions in bureaucracy," and for a "sound currency to be maintained at all hazards." OnSeptember 23, Roosevelt made the gloomy evaluation that, "Our industrial plant is built; theproblem just now is whether under existing conditions it is not overbuilt. Our last frontier has longsince been reached." Hoover damned that pessimism as a denial of "the promise of American life ...the counsel of despair." The prohibition issue solidified the wet vote for Roosevelt, who notedthat repeal would bring in new tax revenues.Roosevelt won 57% of the vote and carried all but sixstates. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932-36 elections a realigning election thatcreated a new majority coalition for the Democrats, thus transforming American politics andstarting what is called the "New Deal Party System" or (by political scientists) the Fifth PartySystem.

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