专八人文知识需知的美国名人--宪法之父--詹姆士·麦迪逊

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--宪法之父--詹姆士·麦迪逊

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　詹姆士·麦迪逊(1751—1836年)，美国第四任总统。他担任总统期间曾领导进行第二次美英战争，保卫了美国的共和制度，为美国赢得彻底独立建立了功绩。他在1776年参加弗吉尼亚宪法的制定，在大陆的国会提供，并且是弗吉尼亚会议的一位领导人。他还是出席大陆会议的代表，是制宪会议的著名人物、北部联邦党人文件的起草人之一、众议院议员、民主共和党的组织者。

　　他在1776年参加弗吉尼亚宪法的制定，在大陆的国会提供，并且是弗吉尼亚会议的詹姆斯·麦迪逊一位领导人。他还是出席大陆会议的代表，是制宪会议的著名人物、北部联邦党人文件的起草人之一、众议院议员、民主共和党的组织者。麦迪逊和汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊在宪法诞生后，一起写了一系列的文章，为宪法的批准做出了重大的贡献。麦迪逊是美国杰出的政治哲学家，是美国宪法的奠基人，他与约翰·杰伊及阿历山大·汉密尔顿共同编写《联邦党人文集》，被称为美国“宪法之父”，他的主张和三权分立学说迄今仍是美国宪法的指导原则。他和杰斐逊共同创建和领导了民主共和党，使美国开始形成了两党政治。

　　制宪会议在费城，36岁的麦迪逊把频繁和显著的部分加在辩论内。麦迪逊与亚历山大·汉密尔顿和约翰·杰伊，联邦主义者散文的宪法做了较大的对照。在晚些年，他被称为"宪法之父"，在国会，他帮助修改权利法案，制定第一个收入立法。从他的领导当中反对汉密尔顿的金融提议，他感到将过于向北方的金融家给予财富和能力，变成共和党人的发展。当时总统杰斐逊国务卿，麦迪逊给交战法国和英国抗议他们的美国船的被扣押，与国际法律相反。尽管1807年不受欢迎的禁止行动，这没使交战的国家改变他们的方式，但是引起了美国的消沉，麦迪逊在1808年被选举为总统。他废除了EmbargoAct。

　　James Madison(March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and politicalphilosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and isconsidered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

　　James Madison persuaded Virginia to give up its claims to northwestern territories consisting ofmost of modern-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota - to theContinental Congress, which created the Northwest Territory in 1783. These land claimsoverlapped partially with other claims by Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and maybe others.All of these states ceded their westernmost lands, with the understanding that new states could beformed from the land, as they were. As a delegate to the Continental Congress (1780–83),Madison was considered a legislative workhorse and a master of parliamentary coalition building.He was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates for a second time from 1784 to 1786.

　　Father of the Constitution

　　Madison returned to the Virginia state legislature at the close of the war. He soon grew alarmed atthe fragility of the Articles of Confederation, particularly the divisiveness of state governments, andstrongly advocated a new constitution. At the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, Madison's draft ofthe Virginia Plan and his revolutionary three-branch federal system became the basis for theAmerican Constitution of today. Though Madison was a shy man, he was one of the moreoutspoken members of the Continental Congress. He envisioned a strong federal government thatcould overrule actions of the states when they were deemed mistaken; later in life he came toadmire the US Supreme Court as it started filling that role.

　　Presidency 1809–1817

　　The twenty-year charter of the first Bank of the United States was scheduled to expire in 1811, thesecond year of Madison's administration. Madison failed in blocking the Bank in 1791, and waitedfor its charter to expire. Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin wanted the bank rechartered, and whenthe War of 1812 broke out, he discovered how difficult it was to finance the war without the Bank.Gallatin's successor as Treasury Secretary, Alexander J. Dallas, proposed a replacement in 1814,but Madison vetoed the bill in 1815. By late 1815, however, Madison asked Congress for a newbank, which had strong support from the younger, nationalistic Republicans such as John C.Calhoun and Henry Clay, as well as Federalist Daniel Webster. Madison signed it into law in 1816,creating the Second Bank of the United States appointed William Jones as its president.

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