专八人文知识需知的美国名人--西奥多·罗斯福

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--西奥多·罗斯福

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　西奥多·罗斯福(Theodore Roosevelt，Jr.，人称老罗斯福，昵称泰迪(Teddy) 1858年10月27日—1919年1月6日)，美国军事家、政治家，第26任总统(1901-1909)。曾任海军副部长，1900年当选副总统。1901年总统威廉·麦金莱(William McKinley)被无政府主义者刺杀身亡，他继任成为美国总统，时年42岁,他的独特个性和改革主义政策，使他成为美国历史上最伟大的总统之一。

　　在他的总统任期内，对国内的主要贡献是建立资源保护政策，保护了森林、矿产、石油等资源;建立公平交易法案，推动劳资和解。对外奉行门罗主义，实行扩张政策，建设强大军队，干涉美洲事务。

　　西奥多·罗斯福发动“进步主义”运动。他们主张用联邦政府的权力对现行秩序加以改革，使美国社会重新走向和谐。他们把反垄断作为改革的主要内容。西奥多·罗斯福的改革理念是调整财产与公共福利的关系，重新把公共福利置于个人财产，即发展之上。在他看来，这是重建社会和谐的主旨。西奥多·罗斯福说，“我们正面临着财产对人类福利的新看法……有人错误地认为，一切同利润相比都是次要的。现在，这样的人必须给那些维护人类福利的人民让步了。每个人拥有的财产都要服从社会的整体权利，按公共福利的要求来规定使用到什么程度。”

　　在这一理念指导下，西奥多·罗斯福开始反垄断斗争，他把矛头指向摩根的铁路控股公司———北方证券公司，对它提出起诉。他又强迫一个煤矿接受政府对罢工的调解，这是联邦政府第一次支持有组织的罢工。西奥多·罗斯福的这些行动得到了人民的称道，他因此获得了“托拉斯爆破手”的美名。但他也遭到了保守派的攻击，1896年总统的制造者、政治老板马克·汉纳大骂这个“该死的牛仔”。华尔街因他的“堕落”而“目瞪口呆”。西奥多·罗斯福的改革引起了共和党的，保守派坚决反对他的改革，他本人则退出共和党另组进步党参加总统大选。

　　他因成功地调停了日俄战争而获得1906年的诺贝尔和平奖，他是第一个获得此奖项的美国人。在调停过程中，他敏锐地察觉新崛起的日本对美国构成的潜在威胁，认识到巴拿马运河对美国不仅具有经济价值，而且能够使美国海军舰队在太平洋和大西洋之间的调动更加快捷，具有重要的军事战略意义。因此，他在任内竭力推动巴拿马运河工程，并且视其为自己最伟大的成就。

　　他卸任后的1912年，他与共和党意见有分歧，于是脱离共和党，代表进步党参选总统，试图东山再起，但败于美国民主党的候选人伍德罗·威尔逊，从此退出政坛。　他的第五个侄儿富兰克林·罗斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt)日后也当选为美国总统。

　　Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of theUnited States. He is well remembered for his energetic personality, range of interests andachievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, model of masculinity, and his "cowboy"image. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("BullMoose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal,state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer,hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.

　　Born to a wealthy family, Roosevelt was an unhealthy child suffering from asthma who stayed athome studying natural history. In response to his physical weakness, he embraced a strenuous life.He attended Harvard, where he boxed and developed an interest in naval affairs. A year out ofHarvard, in 1881 he ran for a seat in the state legislature. His first historical book, The Naval War of1812, published in 1882, established his reputation as a serious historian. After a few years of livingin the Badlands, Roosevelt returned to New York City, where he gained fame for fighting policecorruption. He was effectively running the US Department of the Navy when the Spanish AmericanWar broke out; he resigned and led a small regiment in Cuba known as the Rough Riders, earninghimself a nomination for the Medal of Honor (Which was received on the Presidents behalf January16, 2001). After the war, he returned to New York and was elected Governor; two years later hewas nominated for and elected Vice President of the United States.

　　In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the ageof 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted tomove the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increasedregulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase "Square Deal" to describe his domesticagenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair shake under his policies. As anoutdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage,Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, "Speak softly and carry a big stick".Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great WhiteFleet to display American power, and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for whichhe won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

　　Roosevelt declined to run for re-election in 1908. After leaving office, he embarked on a safari toAfrica and a trip to Europe. On his return to the US, a rift developed between Roosevelt and hisanointed successor as President, William Howard Taft. Roosevelt attempted in 1912 to wrest theRepublican nomination from Taft, and when he failed, he launched the Bull Moose Party. In theelection, Roosevelt became the only third party candidate to come in second place, beating Taftbut losing to Woodrow Wilson. After the election, Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition toSouth America; the river on which he traveled now bears his name. He contracted malaria on thetrip, which damaged his health, and he died a few years later, at the age of 60. Roosevelt hasconsistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.

　　Presidency 1901–1909

　　On September 6, President McKinley was shot while at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NewYork. Initial reports in the succeeding days suggested his condition was improving, so Rooseveltembarked on a vacation at Mount Marcy in upstate New York, across the state from Buffalo. Hewas returning from a climb to the summit on September 13 when a park ranger brought him atelegram informing him that McKinley's condition had deteriorated, and he was near death.

　　Official White House portrait by John Singer SargentRoosevelt and his family immediately departedto go to Buffalo. When they reached the nearest train station at North Creek, at 5:22am onSeptember 14, he received another telegram that McKinley had died a few hours earlier. Rooseveltarrived in Buffalo that afternoon, and was sworn in there as President at 3:30pm.

　　Roosevelt continued McKinley's cabinet and promised to continue McKinley's policies. One of hisfirst notable acts as president was to deliver a 20,000-word address to Congressasking it to curbthe power of large corporations (called "trusts"). For his aggressive attacks on trusts over his twoterms he has been called a "trust-buster."

　　In the 1904 presidential election, Roosevelt won the presidency in his own right in a landslidevictory. His vice president was Charles Fairbanks.

　　Roosevelt dealt with union workers also. In May 1902, United Mine Workers went on strike to gethigher pay wages and shorter work days. He set up a fact-finding commission which stopped thestrike. It resulted in the workers getting more pay for less hours.

　　In 1905, he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which allows the United States to "exerciseinternational policy power" so they can intervene and keep smaller countries on their feet.

　　Roosevelt helped the well-being of people by passing laws such as The Meat Inspection Act of 1906and The Pure Food and Drug Act. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels andpreservatives that contained harmful chemicals in them. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned foodand drugs, that are impure or falsely labeled, from being made, sold, and shipped.

　　The Gentlemen's Agreement came into play in 1907, banning all school segregation, yet controllingJapanese immigration in California. That same year, Roosevelt signed the proclamation establishingOklahoma as the 46th state of the Union.

　　Building on McKinley's effective use of the press, Roosevelt made the White House the center ofnews every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the White Housereporters huddled outside in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectivelyinventing the presidential press briefing. The grateful press, with unprecedented access to theWhite House, rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage.

　　He chose not to run for another term in 1908, and supported William Taft for the presidency,instead of Fairbanks. Fairbanks withdrew from the race, and would later support Taft for re-electionagainst Roosevelt in the 1912 election.

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