专八人文知识需知的美国名人--亨利.福特

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--亨利.福特

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the Americanfounder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modernassembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of theModel T automobile revolutionized transportation and Americanindustry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S.patents. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became oneof the richest and best-known people in the world. He is creditedwith "Fordism", that is, the mass production of large numbers ofinexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled withhigh wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Forddid not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever havinghis company audited under his administration. Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costsresulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put adealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of hisvast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the companypermanently.

　　Career

　　In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company. After his promotion toChief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personalexperiments on gasoline engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of aself-propelled vehicle which he named the Ford Quadricycle. He test-drove it on June 4. Aftervarious test-drives, Ford brainstormed ways to improve the Quadricycle.

　　Also in 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives, where he was introduced to ThomasEdison. Edison approved of Ford's automobile experimentation; encouraged by him, Forddesigned and built a second vehicle, completing it in 1898.[8] Backed by the capital of Detroitlumber baron William H. Murphy, Ford resigned from Edison and founded the Detroit AutomobileCompany on August 5, 1899. However, the automobiles produced were of a lower quality andhigher price than Ford liked. Ultimately, the company was not successful and was dissolved inJanuary 1901.

　　With the help of C. Harold Wills, Ford designed, built, and successfully raced a 26-horsepowerautomobile in October 1901. With this success, Murphy and other stockholders in the DetroitAutomobile Company formed the Henry Ford Company on November 30, 1901, with Ford as chiefengineer. However, Murphy brought in Henry M. Leland as a consultant. As a result, Ford left thecompany bearing his name in 1902. With Ford gone, Murphy renamed the company the CadillacAutomobile Company.

　　Ford also produced the 80+ horsepower racer "999"; Barney Oldfield to drive it to victory in a racein October 1902. Ford received the backing of an old acquaintance, Alexander Y. Malcomson, aDetroit-area coal dealer.They formed a partnership, "Ford & Malcomson, Ltd." to manufactureautomobiles. Ford went to work designing an inexpensive automobile, and the duo leased a factoryand contracted with a machine shop owned by John and Horace E. Dodge to supply over$160,000 in parts.Sales were slow, and a crisis arose when the Dodge brothers demandedpayment for their first shipment.

　　Ford Motor Company

　　In response, Malcomson brought in another group of investors and convinced the Dodge Brothersto accept a portion of the new company.Ford & Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford MotorCompany on June 16, 1903, with $28,000 capital. The original investors included Ford andMalcomson, the Dodge brothers, Malcomson's uncle John S. Gray, Horace Rackham, and JamesCouzens. In a newly designed car, Ford gave an exhibition on the ice of Lake St. Clair, driving 1mile (1.6 km) in 39.4 seconds, setting a new land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour (147.0km/h). Convinced by this success, the race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Fordmodel "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country, makingthe Ford brand known throughout the United States. Ford also was one of the early backers of theIndianapolis 500.

　　$5 day

　　Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 per day wage, which more than doubled therate of most of his workers. (Using the consumer price index, this was equivalent to $111.10 perday in 2008 dollars.) The move proved extremely profitable; instead of constant turnover ofemployees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing their human capital andexpertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it "wage motive." Thecompany's use of vertical integration also proved successful when Ford built a gigantic factory thattook in raw materials and shipped out finished automobiles.

　　Model T

　　The Model T was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had the steering wheel on the left, which everyother company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the four cylinderswere cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. The car was very simple todrive, and easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 (the price fell every year)that by the 1920s, a majority of American drivers had learned to drive on the Model T.

　　Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories andads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtuallyevery city in North America. As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized notjust the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help newdrivers and to encourage exploring the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, wholooked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed—severalyears posted 100% gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lowercosts, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled anenormous increase in production. Although Henry Ford is often credited with the idea,contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employeesClarence Avery, Peter E. Martin, Charles E. Sorensen, and C. Harold Wills.

　　Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car,sales reached 472,000.[16] (Using the consumer price index, this price was equivalent to $7,020 in2008 dollars.)

　　By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Fordwrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants solong as it is black". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of itsquicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors, including red. The design was ferventlypromoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final totalproduction was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. This record was achieved injust 19 years from the introduction of the first Model T (1908).

　　President Woodrow Wilson asked Ford to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate fromMichigan in 1918. Although the nation was at war, Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strongsupporter of the proposed League of Nations.

　　Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel Ford in December1918. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed his son. Henrystarted another company, Henry Ford and Son, and made a show of taking himself and his bestemployees to the new company; the goal was to scare the remaining holdout stockholders of theFord Motor Company to sell their stakes to him before they lost most of their value. (He wasdetermined to have full control over strategic decisions). The ruse worked, and Henry and Edselpurchased all remaining stock from the other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of thecompany.

　　By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other automakers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usuallyincluded more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. Despiteurgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or toform a customer credit plan.

　　Model A and Ford's later career

　　By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T finally convinced Henry to make a new model. Henrypursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, andother mechanical necessities, while leaving the body design to his son. Edsel also managed toprevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission.

　　The result was the successful Ford Model A, introduced in December 1927 and produced through1931, with a total output of more than 4 million. Subsequently, the Ford company adopted anannual model change system similar to that recently pioneered by its competitor General Motors(and still in use by automakers today). Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection tofinance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Corporation became a major car-financing operation.

　　Ford Airplane Company

　　Ford, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during World War I, buildingLiberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Henry Fordacquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company.

　　Ford 4-AT-F (EC-RRA) de L.A.P.E.Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford 4AT Trimotor —called the “Tin Goose” because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy calledAlclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of duralumin. Theplane was similar to Fokker's V.VII-3m, and some say that Ford's engineers surreptitiouslymeasured the Fokker plane and then copied it. The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and wasthe first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a ratheruncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. Henry Ford has beenhonored by the Smithsonian Institution for changing the aviation industry. About 200 Trimotorswere built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down becauseof poor sales during the Great Depression.

　　Later career

　　When Edsel, president of Ford Motor Company, died of cancer in May 1943, the elderly and ailingHenry Ford decided to assume the presidency. By this point in his life, he had had severalcardiovascular events (variously cited as heart attack or stroke) and was mentally inconsistent,suspicious, and generally no longer fit for such a job.

　　Most of the directors did not want to see him as president. But for the previous 20 years, thoughhe had long been without any official executive title, he had always had de facto control over thecompany; the board and the management had never seriously defied him, and this moment wasnot different. The directors elected him, and he served until the end of the war. During this periodthe company began to decline, losing more than $10 million a month. The administration ofPresident Franklin Roosevelt had been considering a government takeover of the company inorder to ensure continued war production, but the idea never progressed.

　　个人经历

　　亨利·福特(HenryFord，1863年7月30日—1947年4月8日)，美国汽车工程师与企业家，福特汽车公司的建立者。他也是世界上第一位使用流水线大批量生产汽车的人。这种新的生产方式使汽车成为一种大众产品，它不但革命了工业生产方式，而且对现代社会和文化起了巨大的影响，因此有一些社会理论学家将这一段经济和社会历史称为“福特主义”。 　　亨利·福特出生于美国密歇根州韦恩郡的史普林威尔镇(SpringwellsTownship,WayneCounty,MI.)，该镇是今日德宝市(Dearborn,MI.)的一部份，他在1947年时逝世于故乡德宝的自宅中，享年83岁。 　　福特的父母威廉和玛利·福特是来自爱尔兰的移民，福特出生在他父母拥有的一座农庄上，他是六个孩子之长。他从小就对机械感兴趣。12岁时他花了很多时间建立了一个自己的机械坊，15岁时他亲手造了一台内燃机。

　　1879年他离开家乡去底特律做机械师学徒工，学成后他进入西屋电气公司。1888年他结婚1891年福特成为爱迪生照明公司的一个工程师。当他1893年晋升为主工程师后，他有足够的时间和钱财来进行他个人对内燃机的研究。1896年他制造了他的第一辆汽车，他将它命名为“四轮车”(Quadricycle)。

　　此后他与一些其他发明家离开爱迪生照明公司，他们一起成立了底特律汽车公司。但这家公司很快就倒闭了，因为福特一心只想研究新车而忽视了卖车。他让他的车与其他公司的车比赛来证明他的车的优良性。他的第二家自己的公司，亨利·福特公司的主要产品是他的赛车，1901年10月10日他甚至亲自开车获胜。但不久他的资助者就迫使他离开了亨利·福特公司，此后这家公司被改名为凯迪拉克。

　　福特与11位其他投资者和2.8万美元的资金于1903年建立了福特汽车公司。他新设计的车只用39.4秒就开过了一英里，当时的一个著名的赛车运动员将这辆车命名为福特999型，并带着它周游美国。这样一来福特在美国就出名了。1908年福特公司推出了福特T型车。从1909年至1913年，福特的T型在多次比赛中获胜。1913年福特退出了比赛因为他对比赛的规则不满。这时候他也没有必要参加比赛了，因为T型已经非常出名。同年福特将流水线引入他的工厂，从而巨大地提高了生产量。1918年半数在美国运行的汽车是T型。福特非常注意倡扬和保护T型的设计。(福特说：“任何顾客可以将这辆车漆成任何他所愿意的颜色，只要它保持它的黑色。”)这个设计一直被保持到1927年。到1927年福特一共生产了1500万T型车。此后45年内这将是一个世界记录。

　　福特非常注意他与他的雇员的关系。他的雇员每天工作八小时。1913年时每天的薪金是5美元(对当时来说相当可观)。1918年T型的顶峰时期薪金被提高到每天6美元。对当时的情况来说这是前所未闻的。此外福特还奖励雇员的发明创造，让他们分享他们的发明带来的赢利。另一方面福特绝对反对工会。为了制止工会在他的工厂中活动他特别雇人研究防止工会的方法。一直到1941年在福特的工厂中才发生了第一次罢工，但一直到1945年福特离开他的公司时工会才真正能够在他的工厂中立足。

　　1919年1月1日，福特将公司总裁的位置让给他的儿子埃兹尔·福特。尽管如此他依然是公司里的一号人物。在埃兹尔的任期内很少有没有过问过亨利就下的决定，而且这些没有过问过他的决定后来还往往被他取消了。此时，福特开始将其他投资者手中的股份买回，这使他和他的儿子成为公司的唯一拥有人。但这个决定给福特汽车公司带来了一定的打击。此时一战后的萧条迫使福特借巨款来买回他的股票。 　　1920年福特在巴西买了许多地来种橡胶树，目的是为他的汽车生产轮胎。但这个行动的结果是一个大失败。1945年他将这些地卖出时他蒙受了巨大的损失。 　　1920年中T型车的销售量开始减小。原因之一是其他汽车商引入了贷款购车的体系。而且其他车中的新型的机械系统是T型车所不具有的。尽管他的儿子埃兹尔·福特一再企图说服他，亨利·福特倔强地拒绝在T型车中加入新的系统(因为新系统使车价上涨，这样一来顾客就买不起车了)，也拒绝引入贷款的体系(因为福特认为这个做法对经济不利)。

　　1926年T型的出售量剧减使亨利·福特认识到他儿子一直在坚持的主意是对的：他们需要一个新的车型。亨利·福特主要从事发动机、车体和其他机械装置的设计，在这些方面他有丰富的技术经验。他的儿子主要进行外形的设计。埃兹尔·福特也克服了他父亲一开始的反对引入了液压刹车系统。这个合作的结果是非常成功的福特A型车。1927年十二月被引入，到1931年就已生产了400万辆A型车。亨利·福特一直对塑料很感兴趣，尤其对大豆制成的塑料非常感兴趣。1930年代中大豆塑料在福特车中处处可见。1942年1月13日福特报了一辆几乎全部由塑料组成的车的专利。它比一般车要轻30%，据说可以承受一般车10倍的冲击力。但这辆车从未被生产出来。1943年5月26日埃兹尔·福特逝世，公司总裁的职位无人占领。亨利·福特与埃兹尔·福特的遗孀在谁继承这个职位的意见不一。最后亨利·福特亲自当职。此后两年中福特公司的情况非常困难，每月的损失达1千万美元。美国总统富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福甚至考虑联邦出钱资助福特度过难关，来保证战时的生产。

　　dealership n. 代理权;代理商;经销权

　　franchise n. 特权;公民权;经销权;管辖权

　　baron n. 男爵;大亨;巨头

　　acquaintance n. 熟人;相识;了解;知道

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