专八人文知识需知的美国名人--伊丽莎白.凯迪.斯坦顿

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--伊丽莎白.凯迪.斯坦顿

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　伊丽莎白凯迪斯坦顿 (Elizabeth Cady Stanton) 是美国女权运动的先驱领袖之一。她也是一个极为优秀的作家及演说家;她跟苏珊布朗威尔安东尼 (Susan B. Anthony) 于1869年成立了全国妇女选举权协会 (National Woman Suffrage Association) 并并肩合作，一起为巩固妇女投票权而努力。终其一生，伊丽莎白凯迪斯坦顿都身为女权的发言人，而她的女儿哈里奥特斯坦顿布莱奇 (Harriot Stanton Blatch) 则继续她母亲的衣钵。

　　Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman'smovement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rightsand woman's suffrage movements in the United States.

　　Before Stanton narrowed her political focus almost exclusively to women's rights, she was an activeabolitionist together with her husband, Henry Brewster Stanton and cousin, Gerrit Smith. Unlikemany of those involved in the woman's rights movement, Stanton addressed a number of issuespertaining to women beyond voting rights. Her concerns included women's parental and custodyrights, property rights, employment and income rights, divorce laws, the economic health of thefamily, and birth control.[2] She was also an outspoken supporter of the 19th-century temperancemovement.

　　After the American Civil War, Stanton's commitment to female suffrage caused a schism in thewoman's rights movement when she, together with Susan B. Anthony, declined to supportpassage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Sheopposed giving added legal protection and voting rights to African American men while continuingto deny women, black and white, the same rights. Her position on this issue, together with herthoughts on organized Christianity and women's issues beyond voting rights, led to the formationof two separate women's rights organizations that were finally rejoined, with Stanton as presidentof the joint organization, approximately 20 years later.

　　Early activism in the Women's Rights Movement

　　Prior to living in Seneca Falls, Stanton had become a great admirer and friend of Lucretia Mott, theQuaker minister, feminist, and abolitionist whom she had met at the International Anti-SlaveryConvention in London, England in the spring of 1840 while on her honeymoon. The two womenbecame allies when the male delegates attending the convention voted that women should bedenied participation in the proceedings, even if they, like Mott, had been nominated to serve asofficial delegates of their respective abolitionist societies. After considerable debate, the women wererequired to sit in a roped-off section hidden from the view of the men in attendance. They weresoon joined by the prominent abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, who arrived after the vote hadbeen taken and, in protest of the outcome, refused his seat, electing instead to sit with the women.

　　Mott's example and the decision to prohibit women from participating in the conventionstrengthened Stanton's commitment to women's rights. By 1848, her early life experiences,together with the experience in London and her initially debilitating experience as a housewife inSeneca Falls, galvanized Stanton. She later wrote:

　　"The general discontent I felt with woman's portion as wife, housekeeper, physician, and spiritualguide, the chaotic conditions into which everything fell without her constant supervision, and thewearied, anxious look of the majority of women, impressed me with a strong feeling that someactive measures should be taken to remedy the wrongs of society in general, and of women inparticular. My experience at the World Anti-slavery Convention, all I had read of the legal status ofwomen, and the oppression I saw everywhere, together swept across my soul, intensified now bymany personal experiences. It seemed as if all the elements had conspired to impel me to someonward step. I could not see what to do or where to begin -- my only thought was a publicmeeting for protest and discussion."

　　In 1848, acting on these feelings and perceptions, Stanton joined Mott, Mott's sister Martha CoffinWright, and a handful of other women in Seneca Falls. Together they organized the first women'srights convention held in Seneca Falls on July 19 and 20. Over 300 people attended. Stantondrafted a Declaration of Sentiments, which she read at the convention. Modeled on the UnitedStates Declaration of Independence, Stanton's declaration proclaimed that men and women arecreated equal. She proposed, among other things, a then-controversial resolution demandingvoting rights for women. The final resolutions, including female suffrage, were passed, in no smallmeasure, because of the support of Frederick Douglass, who attended and informally spoke at theconvention.

　　Soon after the convention, Stanton was invited to speak at a second women's rights convention inRochester, New York, solidifying her role as an activist and reformer. Paulina Kellogg Wright Davisinvited her to speak at the first National Women's Rights Convention in 1850, but because ofpregnancy, Stanton chose instead to lend her name to the list of sponsors and send a speech tobe read in her stead. In 1851, Stanton was introduced to Susan B. Anthony on a street in SenecaFalls by Amelia Bloomer, a feminist and mutual acquaintance who had not signed the Declaration ofSentiments and subsequent resolutions despite her attendance at the Seneca Falls convention.

　　Although best known for their joint work on behalf of women's suffrage, Stanton and Anthony firstjoined the temperance movement. Together, they were instrumental in founding the short-livedWoman's State Temperance Society (1852–1853). During her presidency of the organization,Stanton scandalized many supporters by suggesting that drunkenness be made sufficient causefor divorce. Stanton and Anthony's focus, however, soon shifted to female suffrage and women'srights.

　　Single and having no children, Anthony had the time and energy to do the speaking and travelingthat Stanton was unable to do. Their skills complemented each other; Stanton, the better oratorand writer, scripted many of Anthony's speeches, while Anthony was the movement's organizerand tactician. Writing a tribute that appeared in the New York Times when Stanton died, Anthonydescribed Stanton as having "forged the thunderbolts" that she (Anthony) "fired."[1] UnlikeAnthony's relatively narrow focus on suffrage, Stanton wanted to push for a broader platform ofwomen's rights in general. While their opposing viewpoints led to some discussion and conflict, nodisagreement threatened their friendship or working relationship; the two women remained closefriends and colleagues until Stanton's death some 50 years after their initial meeting.

　　While always recognized as movement leaders whose support was sought, Stanton and Anthony'svoices were soon joined by others who began assuming leadership positions within the movement.These women included, among others, Matilda Joslyn Gage.

　　Ideological divergence with abolitionists and the women's rights movement

　　After the American Civil War, both Stanton and Anthony broke with their abolitionist backgroundsand lobbied strongly against ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the USConstitution, which granted African American men the right to vote. Believing that AfricanAmerican men, by virtue of the Thirteenth Amendment, already had the legal protections, exceptfor suffrage, offered to white male citizens and that so largely expanding the male franchise in thecountry would only increase the number of voters prepared to deny women the right to vote,[44]both Stanton and Anthony were angry that the abolitionists, their former partners in working forboth African American and women's rights, refused to demand that the language of theamendments be changed to include women.

　　Eventually, Stanton's oppositional rhetoric took on racial overtones. Arguing on behalf of femalesuffrage, Stanton posited that women voters of "wealth, education, and refinement" were neededto offset the effect of former slaves and immigrants whose "pauperism, ignorance, anddegradation" might negatively affect the American political system. She declared it to be "a seriousquestion whether we had better stand aside and see 'Sambo' walk into the kingdom [of civil rights]first." Some scholars have argued that Stanton's emphasis on property ownership and education,opposition to black male suffrage, and desire to hold out for universal suffrage fragmented the civilrights movement by pitting African-American men against women and, together with Stanton'semphasis on "educated suffrage," in part established a basis for the literacy requirements thatfollowed in the wake of the passage of the fifteenth amendment.

　　Stanton's position caused a significant rift between herself and many civil rights leaders, particularlyFrederick Douglass, who believed that white women, already empowered by their connection tofathers, husbands, and brothers, at least vicariously had the vote. According to Douglass, theirtreatment as slaves entitled the now liberated African-American men, who lacked women's indirectempowerment, to voting rights before women were granted the franchise. African-Americanwomen, he believed, would have the same degree of empowerment as white women once African-American men had the vote; hence, general female suffrage was, according to Douglass, of lessconcern than black male suffrage.

　　Disagreeing with Douglass, and despite the racist language she sometimes resorted to, Stantonfirmly believed in a universal franchise that empowered blacks and whites, men and women.Speaking on behalf of black women, she stated that not allowing them to vote condemned AfricanAmerican freedwomen "to a triple bondage that man never knows," that of slavery, gender, andrace. She was joined in this belief by Anthony, Olympia Brown, and most especially Frances Gage,who was the first suffragist to champion voting rights for freedwomen.

　　Thaddeus Stevens, a Republican congressman from Pennsylvania and ardent abolitionist, agreedthat voting rights should be universal. In 1866, Stanton, Anthony, and several other suffragistsdrafted a universal suffrage petition demanding that the right to vote be given withoutconsideration of sex or race. The petition was introduced in the United States Congress byStevens. Despite these efforts, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, without adjustment, in1868.

　　By the time the Fifteenth Amendment was making its way through Congress, Stanton's positionled to a major schism in the women's rights movement itself. Many leaders in the women's rightsmovement, including Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe, strongly arguedagainst Stanton's "all or nothing" position. By 1869, disagreement over ratification of the FifteenthAmendment had given birth to two separate women's suffrage organizations. The National WomanSuffrage Association (NWSA) was founded in May 1869 by Anthony and Stanton, who served asits president for 21 years. The NWSA opposed passage of the Fifteenth Amendment withoutchanges to include female suffrage and, under Stanton's influence in particular, championed anumber of women's issues that were deemed too radical by more conservative members of thesuffrage movement. The better-funded, larger, and more representative woman suffragist vehicleAmerican Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), founded the following November and led byStone, Blackwell, and Howe, supported the Fifteenth Amendment as written. Following passage ofthat Amendment the AWSA preferred to focus only on female suffrage rather than advocate forthe broader women's rights espoused by Stanton: gender-neutral divorce laws, a woman's right tosexually refuse her husband, increased economic opportunities for women, and the right ofwomen to serve on juries.

　　Believing that men should not be given the right to vote without women also being granted thefranchise, Sojourner Truth, a former slave and feminist, affiliated herself with Stanton andAnthony's organization. Stanton, Anthony, and Truth were joined by Matilda Joslyn Gage, wholater worked on The Woman's Bible with Stanton. Despite Stanton's position and the efforts of herand others to expand the Fifteenth Amendment to include voting rights for all women, thisamendment also passed, as it was originally written, in 1870.

　　Death, burial, and remembrance

　　Stanton died of heart failure at her home in New York City on October 26, 1902, nearly 20 yearsbefore women were granted the right to vote in the United States. Survived by six of her sevenchildren and by seven grandchildren, she was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, NewYork. Although Elizabeth Cady Stanton had been unable to attend a formal college or university,her daughters did. Margaret Livingston Stanton Lawrence attended Vassar College (1876) andColumbia University (1891), and Harriot Stanton Blatch received both her undergraduate andgraduate degrees from Vassar College in 1878 and 1891 respectively.[86]

　　After Stanton's death, her unorthodox ideas about religion and emphasis on female employmentand other women's issues led many suffragists to focus on Anthony, rather than Stanton, as thefounder of the women's suffrage movement. Stanton's controversial publishing of The Woman'sBible in 1895 alienated more religiously traditional suffragists, and cemented Anthony's place as themore readily recognized leader of the female suffrage movement. Anthony continued to work withNAWSA and became more familiar to many of the younger members of the movement. By 1923,in celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention, only Harriot Stanton Blatchpaid tribute to the role her mother had played in instigating the women's rights movement.Even aslate as 1977, Anthony received most of the attention as the founder of the movement, whileStanton was not mentioned.

　　The monument for Henry Brewster Stanton and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in WoodlawnCemeteryOver time, however, Stanton received more attention. Stanton was commemoratedalong with Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony in a sculpture by Adelaide Johnson at the UnitedStates Capitol, unveiled in 1921. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, thesculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in1997. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton House in Seneca Falls was declared a National Historic Landmarkin 1965. Her house in Tenafly, New Jersey was declared a landmark in 1975, and by the 1990s,interest in Stanton was substantially rekindled when Ken Burns, among others, presented the lifeand contributions of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Once again, attention was drawn to her central,founding role in shaping not only the woman's suffrage movement, but a broad women's rightsmovement in the United States that included women's suffrage, women's legal reform, andwomen's roles in society as a whole.

　　Stanton is commemorated in the calendar of saints of the Episcopal Church on July 20, togetherwith Amelia Bloomer, Sojourner Truth and Harriet Ross Tubman.

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