专八人文知识需知的美国名人--乔纳斯·E（爱德华）·索尔克

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--乔纳斯·E（爱德华）·索尔克

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　His vaccine for polio eradicated one of the world’s worstplagues.

　　他的疫苗消灭了世界上最可怕的疾病——脊髓灰质炎。

　　Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) wasan American medical researcher and virologist, best known forhis discovery and development of the first safe and effectivepoliovaccine. He was born in New York City to parents fromRussian-Jewish immigrant families. Although they themselves didnot have much formal education, they were determined to see their children succeed. Whileattending medical school at New York University, he stood out from his peers not just because ofhis academic prowess, but because he chose to do medical research instead of becoming aphysician.

　　Until 1955, when the Salk vaccine was introduced, polio was considered the most frighteningpublic health problems of the postwar United States. Annual epidemics were increasinglydevastating. The 1952 epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000cases reported that year, 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis[1], withmost of the victims being children. The "public reaction was to a plague", said historian WilliamO'Neill. "Citizens of urban areas were to be terrified every summer when this frightful visitorreturned." According to a 2009 PBS documentary, "Apart from the atomic bomb, America'sgreatest fear was polio. As a result, scientists were in a frantic race to find a way to prevent or curethe disease. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the world's most recognized victim of thedisease and founded the organization that would fund the development of a vaccine.

　　In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. In1948, he undertook a project funded by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis todetermine the number of different types of polio virus. Salk saw an opportunity to extend thisproject towards developing a vaccine against polio, and, together with the skilled research teamhe assembled, devoted himself to this work for the next seven years. The field trial set up to testthe Salk vaccine was, according to O'Neill, "the most elaborate program of its kind in history,involving 20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000volunteers." Over 1,800,000 school children took part in the trial. When news of the vaccine'ssuccess was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a "miracle worker", and the day"almost became a national holiday." His sole focus had been to develop a safe and effectivevaccine as rapidly as possible, with no interest in personal profit. When he was asked in a televisedinterview who owned the patent to the vaccine, Salk replied: "There is no patent. Could youpatent the sun?"

　　In 1960, he founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, which is today a center formedical and scientific research. He continued to conduct research and publish books, including ManUnfolding (1972), The Survival of the Wisest (1973), World Population and Human Values: A NewReality (1981), and Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason (1983). Dr. Salk's lastyears were spent searching for a vaccine against HIV.

　　乔纳斯·E(爱德华)·索尔克(1914～1995)，一名美国医生和医学研究者。在20世纪50年代早期，使用由美国科学家约翰·F·恩德斯(John F. Enders)、托马斯·H·韦勒(Thomas H. Weller)和弗雷德里克·C·罗宾斯(Frederick C. Robbins)发明的技术，索尔克第一次成功的发现了脊髓灰质炎疫苗。他的工作得到国家小儿麻痹症基金会(National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis，现在叫做National Foundation)的支持，并大大减低了脊髓灰质炎作为一种威胁公共健康的风险。索尔克也帮助发明了流感疫苗，并为发现艾滋病(Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome，简称为AIDS)疫苗而工作。

　　索尔克出生于纽约市，1939年从纽约大学(New York University)获得医学博士学位。1944～47年，他服务于密歇根州大学公共卫生学院(University of Michigan School of Public Health)的医学系，1947～63年，在匹兹堡大学的医学院(University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine)。1963年，他成为索尔克生物学研究协会(Salk Institute for Biological Studies)的会长和会员。这个研究中心以他的名字命名，坐落于加利福尼亚(California)圣地亚哥(San Diego)拉霍亚(La Jolla)地区。

　　他的作品包括：《人类的演变》(Man Unfolding)(1972);《聪明的幸存者》(The Survival ofthe Wisest)(1973)。

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