专八人文知识需知美国名人-威廉.爱得华.伯格哈特.杜波伊斯

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--威廉.爱得华.伯格哈特.杜波伊

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　威廉•爱得华•伯格哈特•杜波依斯William EdwardBurghardt Du Bois(1868-1963)20世纪上半叶最有影响的黑人知识分子。

　　William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (February 23, 1868 – August27, 1963) was an American civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist,sociologist, historian, author, and editor. Historian DavidLevering Lewis wrote, "In the course of his long, turbulentcareer, W. E. B. Du Bois attempted virtually every possiblesolution to the problem of twentieth-century racism— scholarship, propaganda, integration,national self-determination, human rights, cultural and economic separatism, politics, internationalcommunism, expatriation, third world solidarity."

　　The first African-American graduate of Harvard University, where he earned his Ph.D in History, DuBois later became a professor of history and economics at Atlanta University. He became the headof the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becomingfounder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. Du Bois rose to national attention in hisopposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks,campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civilrights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African Americanrace.

　　Writings

　　Du Bois wrote many books, including three major autobiographies. Among his most significantworks are The Philadelphia Negro (1899), The Souls of Black Folk (1903), John Brown (1909),Black Reconstruction (1935), and Black Folk, Then and Now (1939). His book The Negro (1915)influenced the work of several pioneer Africanist scholars, such as Drusilla Dunjee Houston[8] andWilliam Leo Hansberry.

　　In the New York Times review of The Souls of Black Folk, the anonymous book reviewer wrote, "For it is the Jim Crow car, and the fact that he may not smoke a cigar and drink a cup of tea withthe white man in the South, that most galls William E. Burghardt Du Bois of the Atlanta College forNegroes."

　　[I]t is the thought of a negro of Northern education who has lived long among his brethren of theSouth yet who can not fully feel the meaning of some things which these brethren know byinstinct — and which the Southern-bred white knows by a similar instinct: certain things which areby both accepted as facts — not theories — fundamental attitudes of race to race which are theproduct of conditions extending over centuries, as are the somewhat parallel attitudes of thegentry to the peasantry in other countries.

　　While prominent white scholars denied African-American cultural, political and social relevance toAmerican history and civic life, in his epic work Black Reconstruction, Du Bois documented howblack people were central figures in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and also showedhow they made alliances with white politicians. He provided evidence to disprove the DunningSchool theories of Reconstruction, showing the coalition governments established public educationin the South, as well as many needed social service programs. He demonstrated the ways in whichBlack emancipation — the crux of Reconstruction — promoted a radical restructuring of UnitedStates society, as well as how and why the country failed to continue support for civil rights forblacks in the aftermath of Reconstruction.This theme was taken up later and expanded by EricFoner and Leon F. Litwack, the two leading late twentieth century scholars of the Reconstructionera.

　　In 1940, at Atlanta University, Du Bois founded Phylon magazine. In 1946, he wrote The Worldand Africa: An Inquiry into the Part That Africa Has Played in World History. In 1945, he helpedorganize the historic Fifth Pan-African Conference in Manchester, Great Britain. In total, Du Boiswrote 22 books, including five novels. He helped establish four academic journals.

　　Criminology

　　Du Bois began writing about the sociology of crime in 1897, shortly after receiving his Ph.D. fromHarvard (Zuckerman, 2004, p. 2). His first work involving crime, A Program of Social Reform, wasshortly followed by a second, The Study of the Negro Problems (Du Bois, 1897; Du Bois, 1898).The first work that involved in-depth criminological study and theorizing was The PhiladelphiaNegro, in which a large section of the sociological study was devoted to analysis of the blackcriminal population in Philadelphia (Du Bois, 1899).

　　Du Bois (1899) set forth three significant parts to his criminology theory. The first was that Negrocrime was caused by the strain of the "social revolution" experienced by black Americans as theybegan to adapt to their new-found freedom and position in the nation. This theory was similar toDurkheim's (1893) Anomie theory, but it applied specifically to the newly freed Negro. Du Bois(1900a, p. 3) credited Emancipation with causing the boom in crime in the black population. Heexplained, "[T]he appearance of crime among the southern Negroes is a symptom of wrong socialconditions--of a stress of life greater than a large part of the community can bear." (Du Bois, 1901b, p. 745). He distinguished between the strains on southern Negroes and those on northernNegroes because the problems of city life in the North were different from those of the Southernrural sharecroppers.

　　Secondly, Du Bois (1904a) believed that black crime declined as the African-American populationmoved toward a more equal status with whites. This idea, referred to later as "stratification," wasdeveloped in a similar manner later in the twentieth century by Merton in his 1968 structure-straintheory of deviance. In The Philadelphia Negro and later statistical studies, Du Bois found directcorrelations between low levels of employment and education and high levels of criminal activity.

　　Thirdly, Du Bois held that the Talented Tenth or the "exceptional men" of the black race would bethe ones to lead the race and save it from its criminal problems (Du Bois, 1903, p. 33). Du Bois sawthe evolution of a class system within black American society as necessary to carry out theimprovements necessary to reduce crime (Du Bois, 1903). He set forth a number of solutions tocrime that the Talented Tenth had to enact (Du Bois, 1903, p. 2).

　　He was perhaps the first criminologist to combine historical fact with social change and used thecombination to postulate his theories. He attributed the crime increase after the Civil War to the"increased complexity of life," competition for jobs in industry (especially with the recent Irishimmigrants), and the mass exodus of blacks from the farmland and immigration to cities (Du Bois, 1899). Du Bois (1899, p. 64) states in The Philadelphia Negro:

　　Naturally then, if men are suddenly transported from one environment to another, the result is lackof harmony with the new conditions; lack of harmony with the new physical surroundings leadingto disease and death or modification of physique; lack of harmony with social surroundingsleading to crime.

　　American Historical Association

　　In 1909, W. E. B. Du Bois addressed the American Historical Association (AHA) at its annualconference, the first African American to do so. According to David Levering Lewis, "His would bethe first and last appearance of an African American on the program until 1940."

　　In a review of the second volume of Lewis's biography of Du Bois, Michael R. Winston observedthat, in understanding American history, one must question "how black Americans developed thepsychological stamina and collective social capacity to cope with the sophisticated system of racialdomination that white Americans had anchored deeply in law and custom." Winston continued, "Although any reasonable answer is extraordinarily complex, no adequate one can ignore the man(Du Bois) whose genius was for 70 years at the intellectual epicenter of the struggle to destroywhite supremacy as public policy and social fact in the United States."

　　Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany

　　Du Bois became impressed by the growing strength of Imperial Japan following the Japanesevictory in the Russo-Japanese War. He saw the victory of Japan over Tsarist Russia as an exampleof "colored pride." Hikida Yasuichi ran Japan's "Negro Propaganda Operations." After traveling tothe United States to speak with students at Howard University, Scripps College, and TuskegeeUniversity, Yasuichi influenced Du Bois's opinions of Imperial Japan. In 1936, Yasuichi and theJapanese ambassador arranged a trip to Japan for Du Bois and a small group of academics.The tripwas to include stops in Japan, China, and the Soviet Union. The Soviet stop was canceled after KarlRadek, Du Bois's diplomatic contact, was swept up in Stalin's purges. While on the Chinese leg ofthe trip, Du Bois commented that the source of Chinese-Japanese enmity was China's "submissionto white aggression and Japan's resistance." He asked the Chinese people to welcome theJapanese as liberators. Du Bois joined a large group of African-American academics who cited theMukden Incident to justify Japan's occupation and annexation of the formerly European-heldsouthern Manchuria.

　　During 1936 Du Bois also visited Nazi Germany. He later noted that he had received more respectfrom German academics than he had from white American colleagues. On his return to the UnitedStates, he voiced his ambivalence about the Nazi regime. While admiring how the Nazis hadimproved the German economy, he was horrified by their treatment of the Jews, which hedescribed as "an attack on civilization, comparable only to such horrors as the Spanish Inquisitionand the African slave trade".

　　Communism and activism

　　Du Bois was one of a number of African-American leaders investigated by the FBI, which claimed inMay 1942 that, "his writing indicates him to be a socialist". He was chairman of the PeaceInformation Center at the start of the Korean War, and among the signers of the Stockholm PeacePledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons.

　　In 1950, at the age of 82, Du Bois ran for U.S. Senator from New York on the American LaborParty ticket and polled a little over 200,000 votes, about 4% of the total. Although he lost, Du Boisremained committed to the progressive labor cause. In 1958, he would join with Trotskyites, ex-Communists and independent radicals in proposing the creation of a united left-wing coalition tochallenge for seats in elections for the New York State Senate and Assembly.

　　In March 16, 1953, upon the death of Joseph Stalin, Du Bois controversially wrote of him in TheNational Guardian:

　　Joseph Stalin was a great man; few other men of the 20th century approach his stature. He wassimple, calm and courageous. He seldom lost his poise; pondered his problems slowly, made hisdecisions clearly and firmly; never yielded to ostentation nor coyly refrained from holding hisrightful place with dignity. He was the son of a serf but stood calmly before the great withouthesitation or nerves. But also - and this was the highest proof of his greatness - he knew thecommon man, felt his problems, followed his fate.

　　While Stalin had fallen into disfavor among most of the American left of that era, and Communismhad come to be regarded as "the god that failed" in the eyes of such African-American luminariesas Ralph Ellison and Richard Wright, Du Bois, apparently not believing reports of Stalin's purgesand dismissing them as propaganda, persisted in his admiration for Stalin. He was frequentlychallenged for his support of Stalin, particularly after Khrushchev's 1956 "Cult of Personality"speech which seemed to further evidence Stalin's purges. Having once, after a 1920s visit toRussia, observed that, "Russia is the victim of a determined propaganda of lies", he remainedpersistently skeptical of American media reports regarding the USSR; when challenged as to hisbeliefs on Stalin in 1956, in one instance he conceded that, "[Stalin] was probably too cruel; but...he conquered Hitler."

　　In regards to Soviet intervention in Hungary in 1956, the 88-year-old Du Bois defended the USSR,suggesting that the Hungarian Revolution was a plot of, "landlords and fascists". For this he hasbeen criticized by some historians for allegedly succumbing to dogmatism; while he was "one of thegreat pioneers of anti-colonialist scholarship", he was, "a headstrong idealist: he idealized Stalinism...He saw what he wished and needed to see, and thus he replicated the hard, domineeringconsciousness he condemned."

　　Du Bois visited Communist China during the Great Leap Forward. He was questioned before theHouse Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) about his alleged communist sympathies. Hewas indicted in the United States under the Foreign Agents Registration Act and acquitted for lackof evidence.[citation needed] In 1959 Du Bois received the Lenin Peace Prize. In 1961, at the ageof 93, he joined the Communist Party USA, at a time when it was long past its peak of support.

　　Just forty days before he was assassinated, Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke at an event marking thehundredth anniversary of Du Bois' birth, at Carnegie Hall in New York City:

　　We cannot talk of Dr. Du Bois without recognizing that he was a radical all of his life. Some peoplewould like to ignore the fact that he was a Communist in his later years. It is worth noting thatAbraham Lincoln warmly welcomed the support of Karl Marx during the Civil War andcorresponded with him freely. In contemporary life, the English speaking world has no difficultywith the fact that Sean O'Casey was a literary giant of the twentieth century and a Communist, orthat Pablo Neruda is generally considered the greatest living poet though he also served in theChilean Senate as a Communist. It is time to cease muting the fact that Dr. Du Bois was a geniusand chose to be a Communist. Our irrational obsessive anti-communism has led us into too manyquagmires to be retained as if it were a mode of scientific thinking. …Dr. Du Bois' greatest virtuewas his committed empathy with all the oppressed and his divine dissatisfaction with all forms ofinjustice.

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