专八人文知识需知美国名人--威廉.劳埃德.加里森

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--威廉.劳埃德.加里森

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　威廉.劳埃德.加里森是美国十九世纪中叶的著名的废奴主义者和社会改革家。加里森拥有一家激进的废奴主义报纸《解放者报》，他身兼该报的主笔和总编。加里森是美国反奴隶制协会的创办人，他提出了“立即解放奴隶”的口号，他还是妇女解放运动和反对美国排华法的喉舌。

　　William Lloyd Garrison (December 13, 1805 – May 24, 1879)was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, voluntaryist,and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radicalabolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-SlaverySociety, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was alsoa prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement.

　　Career as a reformer

　　At age 25, Garrison joined the Abolition movement. For a brief time he became associated with theAmerican Colonization Society, an organization that believed free blacks should immigrate to aterritory on the west coast of Africa. Although some members of the society encouragedgranting freedom to slaves, the majority saw the relocation as a means to reduce the number offree blacks in the United States and thus help preserve the institution of slavery. By late 1829–1830 "Garrison rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, and then, as was typical ofhim, he censured all who were committed to it." (William E. Cain, William Lloyd Garrison and thefight against Slavery: Selections from the Liberator)

　　Genius of Universal Emancipation

　　Garrison began writing for and became co-editor with Benjamin Lundy of the Quaker Genius ofUniversal Emancipation newspaper in Baltimore, Maryland. Garrison's experience as a printer andnewspaper editor allowed him to revamp the layout of the paper and freed Lundy to spend moretime traveling as an anti-slavery speaker. Garrison initially shared Lundy's gradualist views, but,while working for the Genius, he became convinced of the need to demand immediate andcomplete emancipation. Lundy and Garrison continued to work together on the paper in spite oftheir differing views, agreeing simply to sign their editorials to indicate who had written it.

　　One of the regular features that Garrison introduced during his time at the Genius was "The BlackList," a column devoted to printing short reports of "the barbarities of slavery — kidnappings,whippings, murders." One of Garrison's "Black List" columns reported that a shipper fromGarrison's home town of Newburyport, Massachusetts — one Francis Todd — was involved in theslave trade, and that he had recently had slaves shipped from Baltimore to New Orleans on his shipFrancis. Todd filed a suit for libel against both Garrison and Lundy, filing in Maryland in order tosecure the favor of pro-slavery courts. The state of Maryland also brought criminal charges againstGarrison, quickly finding him guilty and ordering him to pay a fine of $50 and court costs. (Chargesagainst Lundy were dropped on the grounds that he had been traveling and not in control of thenewspaper when the story was printed.) Garrison was unable to pay the fine and was sentenced toa jail term of six months. He was released after seven weeks when the antislavery philanthropistArthur Tappan donated the money for the fine, but Garrison had decided to leave Baltimore andhe and Lundy amicably agreed to part ways.

　　The Liberator

　　In 1831, Garrison returned to New England and founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper of hisown, The Liberator. In the first issue, Garrison stated:

　　I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? Iwill be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think,or to speak, or write, with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give amoderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell themother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; – but urge me not touse moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse– I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD. The apathy of the people is enough tomake every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.

　　Initial circulation of The Liberator was relatively limited; there were fewer than 400 subscriptionsduring the paper's second year. However, the publication gained subscribers and influence overthe next three decades, until, after the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery nation-wideby the Thirteenth Amendment, Garrison published the last issue (number 1,820) on December 29, 1865, writing in his "Valedictory" column,

　　Commencing my editorial career when only twenty years of age, I have followed it continuously tillI have attained my sixtieth year—first, in connection with The Free Press, in Newburyport, in thespring of 1826; next, with The National Philanthropist, in Boston, in 1827; next, with The Journalof the Times, in Bennington, Vt., in 1828–9; next, with The Genius of Universal Emancipation, inBaltimore, in 1829–30; and, finally, with the Liberator, in Boston, from the 1st of January, 1831, tothe 1st of January, 1866;—at the start, probably the youngest member of the editorial fraternityin the land, now, perhaps, the oldest, not in years, but in continuous service,—unless Mr. Bryant,of the New York Evening Post, be an exception. ... The object for which the Liberator wascommenced—the extermination of chattel slavery—having been gloriously consummated, it seemsto me specially appropriate to let its existence cover the historic period of the great struggle;leaving what remains to be done to complete the work of emancipation to otherinstrumentalities, (of which I hope to avail myself,) under new auspices, with more abundantmeans, and with millions instead of hundreds for allies.

　　Final years and death

　　Garrison spent more time at home with his family, writing weekly letters to his children, and caringfor his increasingly ill wife, who had suffered a small stroke on December 30, 1863, and wasincreasingly confined to the house. Helen died on January 25, 1876, after a severe cold worsenedinto pneumonia. A quiet funeral was held in the Garrison home, but Garrison, overcome with griefand confined to his bedroom with a fever and severe bronchitis, was unable to join the servicedownstairs. Wendell Phillips gave a eulogy and many of Garrison's old abolitionist friends joined himupstairs to offer their private condolences. Garrison recovered slowly from the loss of his wife, andbegan to attend Spiritualist circles in the hope of communicating with Helen.[5] Garrison made afinal visit to England in 1877, where he visited George Thompson and other old friends from theBritish abolitionist movement.

　　Grave of William Lloyd Garrison Garrison, ailing from kidney disease, continued to weaken duringApril 1879, and went to live with his daughter Fanny's family in New York City. In late May hiscondition worsened, and his five surviving children rushed to join him. Fanny asked if he wouldenjoy singing some hymns, and although Garrison was unable to sing, his children sang his favoritehymns for him while he beat time with his hands and feet. On Saturday morning, Garrison lostconsciousness, and died just before midnight on May 24, 1879.Garrison was buried in the ForestHills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts on May 28, 1879, after a public memorial servicewith eulogies by Theodore Dwight Weld and Wendell Phillips. Eight abolitionist friends, both whiteand black, served as his pallbearers. Flags were flown at half-staff all across Boston. FrederickDouglass, then employed as a United States Marshal, spoke in memory of Garrison at a memorialservice in a church in Washington, D.C., saying "It was the glory of this man that he could standalone with the truth, and calmly await the result".

　　Garrison's son, also named William Lloyd Garrison (1838–1909), was a prominent advocate of thesingle tax, free trade, woman's suffrage, and of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act. A secondson, Wendell Phillips Garrison (1840–1907), was literary editor of the New York Nation from 1865to 1906. Two other sons (George Thompson Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison, hisbiographer) and a daughter (Helen Frances Garrison, who married Henry Villard) survived him.

　　Honoring Garrison's 200th birthday, in December 2005 his descendants gathered in Boston for thefirst family reunion in about a century. They discussed the legacy and impact of their most notablefamily member.

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