专八人文知识需知美国名人--格丽特.桑格

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--格丽特.桑格

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　地球上第一个积极倡导“计划生育”的人是谁呢?是一位美国人玛格丽特·桑格。

　　妇女节育运动的先驱玛格丽特·桑格(MargaretSanger,1879-1966)，1879年9月14日生于美国纽约，早年从事护士工作。在工作中，她看到很多妇女因多生子女而造成自身的痛苦，多子女家庭经济负担过重而生活艰难和有的妇女因私自打胎而造成种种不幸。生活现实使玛格丽特·桑格深有感触，她决心倡导计划生育。

　　玛格丽特生前留下了一句名言：“生育太多，会增加人类的痛苦。”

　　Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birthcontrol activist, advocate of eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League.

　　Family planning clinics

　　In 1915 Sanger visited a Dutch birth control clinic at which she became convinced that adiaphragm was actually a more effective means of contraception than the suppositories anddouches that she had been distributing back in the United States. This realization began the slowintroduction of the diaphragm to the United States with Sanger later illegally smuggling them intothe country.

　　In 1916, Sanger published What Every Girl Should Know, which was later widely distributed as oneof the E. Haldeman-Julius "Little Blue Books." It provided information about such topics asmenstruation and sexuality in adolescents. It was followed in 1917 by What Every Mother ShouldKnow. She also launched the monthly periodical The Birth Control Review and Birth Control Newsand contributed articles on health to the Socialist Party paper, The Call.

　　On October 16, 1916, Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 46 Amboy St. inthe Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the United States. It was raided 9days later by the police. She served 30 days in prison. An initial appeal was rejected but in 1918 anopinion written by Judge Frederick E. Crane of the New York Court of Appeals allowed doctors toprescribe contraception. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) in 1921. In1922 she traveled to Japan to work with Japanese feminist Kato Shidzue promoting birth control;over the next several years, she would return another six times for this purpose. In this year shemarried her second husband, oil tycoon James Noah H. Slee.

　　In 1923 under the auspices of the ABCL, she established the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB).Sanger eventually found a loophole in the system when she had learned that physicians wereexempt from the law that prohibited the distribution of contraceptive information to women whenprescribed for medical reasons. With the help of her wealthy supporters, Sanger was finally able toopen the first legal birth control clinic that was staffed entirely by female doctors and socialworkers. It was the first legal birth control clinic in the U.S. (renamed Margaret Sanger ResearchBureau in 1940). It received crucial grants from John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s Bureau of Social Hygienefrom 1924 onward. The grants were made anonymously to avoid public exposure of theRockefeller name to her agenda. The family also consistently supported her ongoing efforts inregard to population control. Also in 1923 she formed the National Committee on FederalLegislation for Birth Control and served as its president until its dissolution in 1937 after birthcontrol, under medical supervision, was legalized in many states. In 1927 Sanger helped organizethe first World Population Conference in Geneva.

　　Between 1921 and 1926 Sanger received over a million letters from mothers requestinginformation on birth control.[citation needed] From 1916 on she lectured "in many places—halls,churches, women's clubs, homes, theaters" to "many types of audiences—cotton workers,churchmen, liberals, Socialists, scientists, clubmen, and fashionable, philanthropically mindedwomen. "In 1926 Sanger gave a lecture on birth control to the women's auxiliary of the Ku KluxKlan in Silver Lake, New Jersey.[12] She described it as "one of the weirdest experiences I had inlecturing," and added that she had to use only "the most elementary terms, as though I weretrying to make children understand." Sanger's talk was well-received by the group and as a result"a dozen invitations to similar groups were proffered."

　　In 1928 Sanger resigned as the president of the ABCL, severing all legal ties, and took full control ofthe CRB, renaming it the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau. Two years later, she becamepresident of the Birth Control International Information Center. In January 1932 she addressed theNew History Society, an organization founded by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab and Julie Chanler; thisaddress would later become the basis for an article entitled A Plan for Peace. In 1937 Sangerbecame chairperson of the Birth Control Council of America and launched two publications, TheBirth Control Review and The Birth Control News. From 1939 to 1942 she was an honorarydelegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role with theNegro Project, alongside Mary Lasker and Clarence Gamble. From 1952 to 1959 she served aspresident of the International Planned Parenthood Federation; at the time it was the largest privateinternational "family planning" organization.

　　In the early 1960s Sanger promoted the use of the newly-available birth control pill. She touredEurope, Africa and Asia lecturing and helping to establish clinics. Sanger died in 1966 in Tucson,Arizona, 8 days shy of her 87th birthday and only a few months after the Griswold v. Connecticutdecision, which legalized birth control for married couples in the U.S., the apex of her 50-yearagenda. Sanger's books include Woman and the New Race (1920), The Pivot of Civilization (1922),Happiness in Marriage (1926), My Fight For

　　Birth Control (1931) and an autobiography (1938).

　　The book, Motherhood in Bondage, is a large compilation of actual letters that were written toMargaret Sanger in desperation by thousands of women who were begging to be giveninformation on how they could prevent unwanted pregnancies for a vast number of differentreasons.

　　Philosophy

　　Although Sanger was greatly influenced by her father, her mother's death left her with a deepsense of dissatisfaction concerning her own and society's understanding of women's health andchildbirth. She also criticized the censorship of her message about sexuality and contraceptives bythe civil and religious authorities as an effort by men to keep women in submission. An atheist,Sanger attacked Christian leaders opposed to her message, accusing them of Obscurantism andinsensitivity to women's concerns. Sanger was particularly critical of the lack of awareness of thedangers of and the scarcity of treatment opportunities for venereal disease among women. Sheclaimed that these social ills were the result of the male establishment's intentionally keeping womenin ignorance. Sanger also deplored the contemporary absence of regulations requiring registrationof people diagnosed with venereal diseases (which she contrasted with mandatory registration ofthose with infectious diseases such as measles).Sanger was also an avowed socialist, blaming whatshe saw as the evils of contemporary capitalism for the unsatisfactory conditions of young whiteworking-class women. Her very personal views on this issue are evident in the last pages of WhatEvery Girl Should Know.

　　Psychology of sexuality

　　While Sanger's understanding of and practical approach to human physiology were progressive forher times, her thoughts on the psychology of human sexuality place her squarely in the pre-Freudian 19th century[original research?]. Birth control, it would appear, was for her more a meansto limit the undesirable side effects of sex than a way of liberating men and women to enjoy it. InWhat Every Girl Should Know, she wrote: "Every normal man and woman has the power tocontrol and direct his sexual impulse. Men and woman who have it in control and constantly usetheir brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual." Sexuality, for her, was a kind of weakness, andsurmounting it indicated strength. Sanger was also influenced by psychologist Havelock Ellis,especially in regards to his theories on female sexuality and its importance. His views inspiredSanger to broaden her arguments for birth control claiming that in addition to an already largenumber of reasons, it would also fulfill a critical psychological need by enabling women to fully enjoysexual relations, free from the fear of an unwanted pregnancy. After Sanger and her husbanddivorced later on, Sanger had an affair with Ellis and also reportedly had an intimate relationshipwith H.G. Wells.

　　Though sex cells are placed in a part of the anatomy for the essential purpose of easily expellingthem into the female for the purpose of reproduction, there are other elements in the sexual fluidwhich are the essence of blood, nerve, brain, and muscle. When redirected in to the building andstrengthening of these, we find men or women of the greatest endurance greatest magneticpower. A girl can waste her creative powers by brooding over a love affair to the extent ofexhausting her system, with the results not unlike the effects of masturbation and debauchery.Early in her writings, Sanger, like many Americans in the early 20th Century, sometimesentertained archaic thoughts on human development:

　　It is said that a fish as large as a man has a brain no larger than the kernel of an almond. In all fishand reptiles where there is no great brain development, there is also no conscious sexual control. The lower down in the scale of human development we go the less sexual control we find. It is saidthat the aboriginal Australian, the lowest known species of the human family, just a step higherthan the chimpanzee in brain development, has so little sexual control that police authority aloneprevents him from obtaining sexual satisfaction on the streets. Sanger, at that time, wrote thatmasturbation was unwise or even dangerous: In my experience as a trained nurse while attendingpersons afflicted with various and often revolting diseases, no matter what their ailments, I havenever found any one so repulsive as the chronic masturbator. It would be difficult not to fill pageupon page of heartrending confessions made by young girls, whose lives were blighted by thispernicious habit, always begun so innocently, for even after they have ceased the habit, they findthemselves incapable of any relief in the natural act. Perhaps the greatest physical danger to thechronic masturbator is the inability to perform the sexual act naturally. For her, masturbation wasnot just a physical act, it was a mental state: In the boy or girl past puberty, we find one of themost dangerous forms of masturbation, i.e., mental masturbation, which consists of formingmental pictures, or thinking obscene or voluptuous pictures. This form is considered especiallyharmful to the brain, for the habit becomes so fixed that it is almost impossible to free the thoughtsfrom lustful pictures.

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