专八人文知识需知的美国名人--简.亚当斯

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--简.亚当斯

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　劳拉·简·亚当斯(Laura Jane Addams，1860年9月6日-1935年5月21日)，美国芝加哥赫尔宫协会的创始人。她因争取妇女、黑人移居的权利而获1931年诺贝尔和平奖，也是美国第一位获得诺贝尔和平奖的女性。

　　1881年从伊利诺斯州罗克福学院毕业后，进入费城女子医学院学习。1889年，她在芝加哥一个工人贫民区建造的一所大住宅，并命名为赫尔宫，据此开展各种社会福利工作，后来这个机构叫做赫尔宫协会。亚当斯又与劳联组织、其他社会改良团结一起，制订美国第一个少年法庭法，妇女八小时工作日制等，1910年她成为美国全国社会工作会的第一位妇女主席。从1919年至1935年，她一直担任妇女国际和平与自由联盟主席。亚当斯是一位社会改良主义者，而又是赫尔宫协会的创始人，因而获得1931年诺贝尔和平奖。她的主要著作有：《民主和社会伦理学》、《和平的新理想》、《赫尔宫二十年》和《赫尔宫第二个二十年》等。于1935年逝世。

　　The founder of Hull House, she became the secular saint of social work.

　　赫尔会所的创立者，她是世俗社会的圣徒。

　　Jane Addams (September 6, 1860-May 21, 1935) won worldwide recognition in the first third ofthe twentieth century as a pioneer social worker in America, as a feminist, and as an internationalist.

　　She was born in Cedarville, Illinois, the eighth of nine children. Her father was a prosperous millerand local political leader who served for sixteen years as a state senator and fought as an officer inthe Civil War; he was a friend of Abraham Lincoln whose letters to him began ?My Dear Double D-'ed Addams?. Because of a congenital spinal defect, Jane was not physically vigorous when youngnor truly robust even later in life, but her spinal difficulty was remedied by surgery.

　　In 1881 Jane Addams was graduated from the Rockford Female Seminary, the valedictorian of aclass of seventeen, but was granted the bachelor's degree only after the school became accreditedthe next year as Rockford College for Women. In the course of the next six years she began thestudy of medicine but left it because of poor health, was hospitalized intermittently, traveled andstudied in Europe for twenty-one months, and then spent almost two years in reading and writingand in considering what her future objectives should be. At the age of twenty-seven, during asecond tour to Europe with her friend Ellen G. Starr, she visited a settlement house, Toynbee Hall,in London's East End. This visit helped to finalize the idea then current in her mind, that of openinga similar house in an underprivileged area of Chicago. In 1889 she and Miss Starr leased a largehome built by Charles Hull at the corner of Halsted and Polk Streets. The two friends moved in,their purpose, as expressed later, being ?to provide a center for a higher civic and social life; toinstitute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises and to investigate and improve theconditions in the industrial districts of Chicago?.

　　Miss Addams and Miss Starr made speeches about the needs of the neighborhood, raised money,convinced young women of well-to-do families to help, took care of children, nursed the sick,listened to outpourings from troubled people. By its second year of existence, Hull-House was hostto two thousand people every week. There were kindergarten classes in the morning, clubmeetings for older children in the afternoon, and for adults in the evening more clubs or courses inwhat became virtually a night school. The first facility added to Hull-House was an art gallery, thesecond a public kitchen; then came a coffee house, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, a cooperativeboarding club for girls, a book bindery, an art studio, a music school, a drama group, a circulatinglibrary, an employment bureau, a labor museum.

　　As her reputation grew, Miss Addams was drawn into larger fields of civic responsibility. In 1905 shewas appointed to Chicago's Board of Education and subsequently made chairman of the SchoolManagement Committee; in 1908 she participated in the founding of the Chicago School of Civicsand Philanthropy and in the next year became the first woman president of the NationalConference of Charities and Corrections. In her own area of Chicago she led investigations onmidwifery, narcotics consumption, milk supplies, and sanitary conditions, even going so far as toaccept the official post of garbage inspector of the Nineteenth Ward, at an annual salary of athousand dollars. In 1910 she received the first honorary degree ever awarded to a woman byYale University.

　　Jane Addams was an ardent feminist by philosophy. In those days before women's suffrage shebelieved that women should make their voices heard in legislation and therefore should have theright to vote, but more comprehensively, she thought that women should generate aspirationsand search out opportunities to realize them.

　　For her own aspiration to rid the world of war, Jane Addams created opportunities or seized thoseoffered to her to advance the cause. In 1906 she gave a course of lectures at the University ofWisconsin summer session which she published the next year as a book, Newer Ideals of Peace.She spoke for peace in 1913 at a ceremony commemorating the building of the Peace Palace atThe Hague and in the next two years, as a lecturer sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, spokeagainst America's entry into the First World War. In January, 1915, she accepted the chairmanshipof the Women's Peace Party, an American organization, and four months later the presidency ofthe International Congress of Women convened at The Hague largely upon the initiative of Dr.Aletta Jacobs, a Dutch suffragist leader of many and varied talents. When this congress laterfounded the organization called the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, JaneAddams served as president until 1929, as presiding officer of its six international conferences inthose years, and as honorary president for the remainder of her life.

　　Publicly opposed to America's entry into the war, Miss Addams was attacked in the press andexpelled from the Daughters of the American Revolution, but she found an outlet for herhumanitarian impulses as an assistant to Herbert Hoover in providing relief supplies of food to thewomen and children of the enemy nations, the story of which she told in her book Peace andBread in Time of War (1922).

　　After sustaining a heart attack in 1926, Miss Addams never fully regained her health. Indeed, shewas being admitted to a Baltimore hospital on the very day, December 10, 1931, that the NobelPeace Prize was being awarded to her in Oslo. She died in 1935 three days after an operationrevealed unsuspected cancer. The funeral service was held in the courtyard of Hull-House.

　　Memorials

　　In 2007, a joint resolution of the Illinois General Assembly renamed the Northwest Tollway as theJane Addams Memorial Tollway.

　　Jane Addams House is a residence hall built in 1947 at Connecticut College.

　　Hull House had to be demolished for the establishment of the Chicago campus of the University ofIllinois in 1963 and relocated. The Hull residence itself was preserved as a monument to JaneAddams.

　　Jane Addams Business Careers Center is a high school in Cleveland, Ohio.

　　The Jane Addams Trail is a bicycling, hiking, snowmobiling, and cross country skiing trail whichstretches from Freeport, Illinois to the Wisconsin state line. It is 12.85 miles (20.68 km) long, and ispart of the larger Grand Illinois Trail, which is over 575 miles (925 km) long. The trail is located nearher birthplace of Cedarville, Illinois.

　　Jane Addams has been immortalized further with the naming of a Jesuit Volunteer CorpsSouthwest community. The house or "casa" as it is known in the organization, is located inSacramento, California. Located in the city's renowned, Oak Park, seven Jesuit Volunteers live inCasa Jane Addams every year.

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