专八人文知识需知的美国名人--杨百翰

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--杨百翰

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　杨百翰，又译布里根姆·扬(Brigham Young，1801年6月1日-1877年8月29日)。在耶稣基督后期圣徒教会创始人小约瑟夫·史密斯(Joseph Smith Jr.)去世后，担任教会首领一职。为躲避宗教迫害，他率领耶稣基督后期圣徒教会教友长途跋涉来到盐湖城(Salt Lake City)并定居下来。在普柔佛(Provo)的杨百翰大学(Brigham Young Univesity)，即由他的名字命名。

　　Brigham Young (June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was anAmerican leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settlerof the western United States. He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-daySaints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death and was the founder of Salt Lake City and the firstgovernor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.

　　Young had a variety of nicknames, among the most popular being "American Moses," (alternatively the "Modern Moses" or the "Mormon Moses") because, like the Biblical figure, Youngled his followers, the Mormon pioneers, in an exodus through a desert, to what they saw as apromised land. Young was also dubbed the "Lion of the Lord" for his bold personality, and wascommonly called "Brother Brigham" by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and wasinvolved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and theMountain Meadows massacre.

　　Governor of Utah Territory

　　As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territory's first governor andsuperintendent of American Indian affairs by President Millard Fillmore. During his time as governor,Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, andparts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Under his direction the pioneers built roads andbridges, forts, irrigation projects, and established public welfare, organized a militia, and pacified theNative Americans. Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territory'sfirst capital. In 1856 he organized an efficient mail service. In 1858 he stepped down to hissuccessor Alfred Cumming.

　　Church Presidency

　　Initial actions as church president

　　After three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve, in 1847Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December27, 1847. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to a territory inwhat is now Utah, then part of Mexico. Young organized the journey that would take the faithful toWinter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846 , then to the Salt Lake Valley. Young arrived in the Salt LakeValley on July 24, 1847, a date now recognized as Pioneer Day in Utah.

　　Polygamy

　　The LDS church under Brigham Young is perhaps best known for its practice of polygamy.Though most historians think that polygamy among Latter Day Saints was taught and practicedby Joseph Smith, Young's predecessor, many adherents to other Latter Day Saint denominationssuch as the Community of Christ believe that polygamy in the Mormon church originated underBrigham Young. The church's first official statement on the subject was given by Brigham Young in1853 after the church had arrived in Utah. Young's words came nine years after the purportedoriginal revelation by Joseph Smith, and five years after the Mormon Exodus to Utah followingSmith's death in Illinois.

　　Circumstances leading to banning the priesthood from black members

　　Main articles: Black people and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Black peopleand the Latter Day Saint movement

　　See also: Walker Lewis, Elijah Abel, and William McCary

　　Brigham Young is generally credited with having been responsible for revoking the priesthood andtemple blessings from black members of the LDS Church, who had been treated equally in thisrespect under Joseph Smith's presidency.

　　During the Mormon flight from Illinois towards Utah in 1847, Brigham Young received a letterinforming him of an inter-racial marriage by the son of a prominent black member, Walker Lewis.The letter was written by William Ivers Appleby, a Mormon elder, who desired to know if interracialmarriage was an acceptable practice. Appleby sent the letter to Young at Winter Quarters,Nebraska, but Young was actually in Utah, and therefore did not receive Appleby's missive untilDecember 1, 1847, when he returned to Winter Quarters. Quite coincidentally, Appleby himselfarrived in Winter Quarters on December 2. Young read Appleby's letter and then had himpersonally report to Young and the eight apostles who were then in Nebraska. In 1863, Youngreported that he said, "Shall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African race? If the white manwho belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the lawof God, is death on the spot. This will always be so" (Journal of Discourses, vol. 10, p. 110).

　　After settling in Utah in 1848, Brigham Young announced a priesthood ban which prohibited allmen of black African descent from holding the priesthood. In connection, Mormons of Africandescent could not participate in Mormon temple rites such as the Endowment or sealing. Theseracial restrictions remained in place until 1978, when the policy was rescinded by President of theChurch Spencer W. Kimball.

　　Conflict with U.S. government

　　Shortly after the arrival of Young's pioneers, the new Mormon colonies were incorporated into theUnited States through Mexican Cession, Young petitioned the U.S. Congress to create the State ofDeseret. The Compromise of 1850 instead carved out Utah Territory, and Young was installed asgovernor. As governor and church president, Young directed both religious and economicmatters. He encouraged independence and self-sufficiency. Many cities and towns in Utah, andsome in neighboring states, were founded under Young's direction. Young's leadership style hasbeen viewed as autocratic.

　　When federal officials received reports of widespread and systematic obstruction of federal officialsin Utah (most notably judges), U.S. President James Buchanan decided to install a non-Mormongovernor. Buchanan accepted the reports of the judges without any further investigation, and thenew non-sectarian governor was accompanied by troops sent to garrison forts in the newterritory. The troops passed by the bloody Kansas–Missouri war without intervening in it, as it wasnot open warfare and only isolated sporadic incidents. When Young received word that federaltroops were headed to Utah with his replacement, he called out his militia to ambush the federalcolumn. During the defense of Deseret, now called the Utah War, Young held the U.S. Army atbay for a winter by taking their cattle and burning supply wagons. The Mormon forces were largelysuccessful thanks to Lot Smith. Young made plans to burn Salt Lake City and move his followers toMexico, but at the last minute he relented and agreed to step down as governor. He later receiveda pardon from Buchanan. Relations between Young and future governors and U.S. Presidentswere mixed.

　　Other notable actions

　　Young organized the Mormon Tabernacle Choir and in 1850 founded the University of Deseret,which is now the University of Utah. In 1875, just two years before his death, he founded BrighamYoung Academy, which later became Brigham Young University. In 1950, the state of Utahdonated a marble statue of Young to the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United StatesCapitol.

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