专八人文知识需知的美国名人--弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特是美国的一位最重要的建筑师，在世界上享有盛誉。他设计的许多建筑受到普遍的赞扬，是现代建筑中有价值的瑰宝。赖特对现代建筑有很大的影响，但是他的建筑思想和欧洲新建运动的代表人物有明显的差别，他走的是一条独特的道路。

　　Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was anAmerican architect, interior designer, writer and educator, whodesigned more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than500 completed works.[1] Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater), wasa leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House and theWestcott House), and developed the concept of the Usonian home (exemplified by theRosenbaum House). His work includes original and innovative examples of many different buildingtypes, including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also oftendesigned many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass.

　　Wright authored 20 books and many articles, and was a popular lecturer in the United States andin Europe. His colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire andmurders at his Taliesin studio.

　　Already well-known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute ofArchitects as "the greatest American architect of all time".

　　Personal style and concepts

　　Wright's creations took his concern with organic architecture down to the smallest details. From hislargest commercial commissions to the relatively modest Usonian houses, Wright conceivedvirtually every detail of both the external design and the internal fixtures, including furniture,carpets, windows, doors, tables and chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. He was one ofthe first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture and fittings thatfunctioned as integrated parts of the whole design, and he often returned to earlier commissions toredesign internal fittings. Some of the built-in furniture remains, while other restorations haveincluded replacement pieces created using his plans. His Prairie houses use themed, coordinateddesign elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in windows, carpets and otherfittings. He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete blocks, glassbricks and zinc cames (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight windows, and he famouslyused Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson Wax Headquarters. Wright was alsoone of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some ofthe very first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel spherical glass lampshade(a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting).

　　As Wright's career progressed, so did the mechanization of the glass industry. Wright fullyembraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architecture.Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements. In1928, Wright wrote an essay on glass in which he compared it to the mirrors of nature: lakes,rivers and ponds. One of Wright's earliest uses of glass in his works was to string panes of glassalong whole walls in an attempt to create light screens to join together solid walls. By utilizing thislarge amount of glass, Wright sought to achieve a balance between the lightness and airiness ofthe glass and the solid, hard walls. Arguably, Wright's best-known art glass is that of the Prairiestyle. The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent someof the most integral ornamentation of his career.

　　Wright responded to the transformation of domestic life that occurred at the turn of the 20thcentury, when servants became a less prominent or completely absent from most Americanhouseholds, by developing homes with progressively more open plans. This allowed the woman ofthe house to work in her 'workspace', as he often called the kitchen, yet keep track of and beavailable for the children and/or guests in the dining room. Much of modern architecture, includingthe early work of Mies van der Rohe, can be traced back to Wright's innovative work.

　　Wright also designed some of his own clothing. His fashion sense was unique, and he usually woreexpensive suits, flowing neckties, and capes. Wright drove a custom yellow 'raceabout' in thePrairie years, a red Cord convertible in the 1930s, and a famously customized 1940 Lincoln formany years. He earned many speeding tickets in each of his vehicles.

　　Death and legacy

　　Turmoil followed Wright even many years after his death on April 9, 1959. His third wife, Olgivanna,ran the Fellowship after Wright's death, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1985. Thatyear, it was learned that her dying wish had been that Wright, she and her daughter by a firstmarriage all be cremated and relocated to Scottsdale, Arizona. By then, Wright's body had lain forover 25 years in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery, next to the Unity Chapel, near Taliesin, Wright's later-life home in Spring Green, Wisconsin.[28] Olgivanna's plan called for a memorial garden, already inthe works, to be finished and prepared for their remains. Although the garden had yet to befinished, his remains were prepared and sent to Scottsdale where they waited in storage for anunidentified amount of time before being interred in the memorial area. Today, the small cemeterysouth of Spring Green, Wisconsin and a long stone's throw from Taliesin, contains a gravestonemarked with Wright's name but its grave is empty.

专四专八：历年真题免费领

专四专八：精选好课 暖心助学