专八人文知识需知的美国名人-- 贝蒂弗莱顿

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--贝蒂弗莱顿

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　贝蒂·弗莱顿(Friedan, Betty 1921-2006年)，美国作家和女权主义者。她的作品《女性的奥秘》(1963年)曾鼓舞了现代女权主义运动。弗莱顿是妇女解放运动(也被称作第二波女权运动)的创始人。运动揭露了第二次世界大战后放弃家庭以外的工作而重回全职母亲和家庭主妇角色的妇女们的失落。1966年，她创立了全国妇女组织(NOW)，并担任主席，直到1970年.

　　1971年她组建了全国妇女政治核心小组。作为NOW的主席，弗莱顿率先为妇女的权利而抗争。全国妇女政治核心小组为妇女们争取政治职位带来了很大的鼓舞。弗莱顿还组织了1970年为争取平等的妇女大罢工。为了表示纪念，罢工日期正好与妇女在美国获得选举权50周年纪念日重合。

　　弗莱顿原名贝蒂·娜奥米·戈德斯坦，1921年2月4日出生于伊利诺斯州的皮奥里亚。她于1942年毕业于史密斯学院，随后她在加利福尼亚大学担任研究助理，后来又成为作家。1947年，她和卡尔·弗莱顿结婚。卡尔·弗莱顿是一名戏剧制作人。

　　贝蒂·弗莱顿还创作了《第二阶段》(1981年);《时代的源泉》(1993年);以及自传《迄今为止的生活》(2000年)。

　　贝蒂·弗莱顿于2006年2月4日去逝。

　　Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist.

　　A leading figure in the "Second Wave" of the U.S. Women's Movement, her 1963 book TheFeminine Mystique is sometimes credited with sparking the "second wave" of feminism. Friedan co-founded National Organization for Women in 1966 which aimed to bring women "into themainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men". She also wrote thebook Our Wayward Sons.

　　In 1970, after stepping down as NOW's first president in 1969, Friedan organized the nation-wideWomen's Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment tothe United States Constitution granting women the right to vote. The national strike was successfulbeyond expectations in broadening the feminist movement. The New York City march aloneattracted over 50,000 women.

　　Friedan joined other leading feminists (including Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, Fannie LouHamer, Bella Abzug, and Myrlie Evers-Williams) in founding the National Women's Political Caucus in1971. In 1977 she joined some of the movement's most visible and influential leaders, and 20,000other women, at the International Women's Year federally-funded convention, the NationalWomen's Conference, a legislative conference which sent a report to President Jimmy Carter, theUnited States Congress, and all the states on how to achieve equality.

　　Friedan was a strong proponent of the repeal of abortion laws, founding the National Associationfor the Repeal of Abortion Laws, which after abortion was legalized in 1973, became the NationalAbortion Rights Action League. She was also a strong supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment tothe Constitution and of many women's laws.

　　Though somewhat eclipsed by Gloria Steinem as America's preeminent feminist, Friedan continuedto be an influential author and intellectual and remained active in politics and advocacy for the restof her life, authoring six books. One of her later books, The Second Stage, critiqued what Friedansaw as the extremist excesses of some feminists who could be broadly classified as genderfeminists.

　　Writing career:

　　Before 1963

　　After leaving Berkeley, Friedan became a journalist for leftist and union publications. Between 1943-46 she wrote for The Federated Press and between 1946-52 she worked for the United ElectricalWorkers' UE News. One of her assignments was to report on the House Un-American ActivitiesCommittee.

　　Friedan was dismissed from the union newspaper UE News in 1952, because she was pregnant withher second child. After leaving UE News, she became a freelance writer, and wrote for variousmagazines, including Cosmopolitan.

　　The Feminine Mystique

　　Main article: The Feminine Mystique

　　For her 15th college reunion in 1957, Friedan conducted a survey of College graduates, focusingon their education, their subsequent experiences and satisfaction with their current lives. Shestarted publishing articles about what she called "the problem with no name," and got passionateresponses from many housewives grateful that they were not alone in experiencing this problem.

　　Friedan then decided to rework and expand this topic into a book, The Feminine Mystique.Published in 1963, it depicted the roles of women in industrial societies, especially the full-timehomemaker role, which Friedan deemed stifling. Friedan speaks of her own 'terror' at being alone,and observes in her life never once seeing a positive female role-model who worked and also kept afamily. She provides numerous accounts of housewives who feel similarly trapped. With herpsychology background, Friedan offers a critique of Freud's penis envy theory, noting a lot ofparadoxes in his work. And she attempts to offer some answers to women who wish to pursue aneducation.

　　The "Problem That Has No Name" was described by Friedan in the beginning of the book:

　　"The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was astrange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in themiddle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As shemade the beds, shopped for groceries … she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — 'Is this all?"

　　Friedan noted that women are as capable as men to do any type of work or follow any careerpath, and the mass media, educators, and psychologists argued to the contrary. The restrictionsof the 1950s, and the trapped, imprisoned, feeling of many women forced into these roles, spoketo American women who soon began attending consciousness-raising sessions and lobbying forthe reform of oppressive laws and social views that restricted women.

　　The book became a bestseller, which many historians believe was the impetus for the "secondwave" of the Women's Movement, and significantly shaped national and world events.

　　Other works

　　Friedan published six books. Her other books include The Second Stage, It Changed My Life:Writings on the Women's Movement, and The Fountain of Age. Her autobiography, Life so Far,was published in 2000. Beyond Gender 1997

　　Activism in the Women's Movement

　　National Organization for Women

　　In 1966 Betty Friedan co-founded, and became the first president of, the National Organization forWomen. She, with Pauli Murray, the first black female Episcopal priest, wrote its mission statement.[10] Friedan stepped down as president in 1969.

　　Under Friedan, NOW advocated fiercely for the legal equality of women and men. They lobbied forenforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the first twomajor legislative victories of the movement, and forced the Equal Employment OpportunityCommission to stop ignoring, and start treating with dignity and urgency, claims filed involving sexdiscrimination. They successfully campaigned for a 1967 Executive Order extending the sameAffirmative Action granted to blacks to women and a 1968 EEOC decision ruling illegal sex-segregated help want ads, later upheld by the Supreme Court. NOW was vocal in support of thelegalization of abortion, something that divided some feminists. Also divisive in the 1960s amongwomen was the Equal Rights Amendment, which NOW fully endorsed; by the 1970s the womenand labor unions opposed to ERA warmed up to it and began to fully support it. NOW also lobbiedfor national day-care.

　　In 1973, Friedan founded the First Women's Bank and Trust Company.

　　Women's Strike for Equality

　　In 1970, NOW, with Friedan leading the cause, was instrumental in bringing down the nominationof G. Harrold Carswell, who had opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which granted women and menworkplace equality, to the Supreme Court. On August 26, 1970, the 50th anniversary of theWomen's Suffrage Amendment to the Constitution, Friedan organized the national Women's Strikefor Equality, and led a march of 50,000 women in New York City. Unbelievably successful, themarch expanded the movement widely, to Friedan's delight.

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