2003年英语专八真题听力原文

　　SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

　　News Item 1(For Question 11)

　　The Bush administration is warning that continuing mid-east violence threatens tooverwhelm US efforts to revise Israeli-Palestinian Peace talks, using the recommendations ofthe Mitchell commission to bring the two sides together. The administration officials areopenly worried the violence and particularly the car bomb attack injured Isreali civilians couldundermine what they see as a positive opening towards renewed peace talks presented by theMitchell report. The US appeal came in the week of the bomb blast Wednesday in Israeli coastaltown of Netanya that injured several Israelies. Responsibility for the bombing was claimed bythe Palestinian group, Islamic Jihad. At the state department, sopkesman, Phillip Reeker saidthere can be no justification for terrorism and targeting its civilians, and he urged thePalestinian authority to do all they can to put an end to such incidents which is said tothreaten to overtake the latest peace efforts.

　　News Item 2 (For Question 12)

　　Voters in Peru head to the post today to cast their ballots in a run-off presidential electionthat many hope will mark the end of the nation’s political crisis. Opinion polls last week show themodern candidate Arhumdred Toledo with a narrow lead over a left-leaning former PresidentEllen Gaceya. Both candidates have campaigned on similar populous platforms. Meanwhile pre-election Service indicates that up to 25% of voters in Peru plan to spoil or leave their ballotsblank to show their dissatisfaction with both candidates.

　　News Item 3 (For Questions 13-15)

　　Canada for the seventh consecutive year ranks the best place to live in the world. But if you area woman, you are better off in Scandinavia since the UN Human Development Report (2000)released yesterday. Norway is in second place you know for ranking followed by the UnitedStates, Australia, Iceland, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands Japan and Britain. Finland is ineleventh place followed by France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Luxembourg,Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. At the other end of the scale, the ten least developed countriesthat provide the fewest service to their people, from the bottom up, a war-devastated SierraLeone, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Brandi, Guinean Bissau, Mozambique, Chad, CentralAfrican Republic and Mali.

　　SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING

　　Good morning, everybody. Today’s lecture is about Abraham Maslov’s hierarchy of needs. Thisseems like a physiological topic. Actually it is something psychological. Abraham Maslov is apsychologist, and he is especially known for his theory of human needs.

　　OK, first of all, what is the need? Here, we can simply define it as a personal requirement.Maslov believes that humans are wanting beings, who seek to fulfil a variety of needs.According to his theory, these needs can be arranged in an order according to their importance.It is this order that has become known as Maslov’s hierarchy of needs. In this hierarchy ofneeds, at the most basic level are physiological needs. Fundamentally, humans are just onespecies of animal. We need to keep ourselves alive. Physiological needs are what we require forsurvival. These needs include food and water, shelter and sleep. At this level for us humans,Maslov also includes the need for clothing. How are these needs usually satisfied? It is mainlythrough adequate wages.

　　Then what is the next level of needs? At the next level are safety needs, the things we requirefor physical and emotional security. Physical security is easy to understand. Everybodyneeds to keep his body safe from injury, illness, etc. Then what is emotional security? Well,that may be the point in this hierarchy of needs, where humans begin to differ from otheranimals. We are thinking animals. We have worries, what we fear may be losing a job, or beingstruck down by a severe disease. Besides physical Security, we need to think we are safe frommisfortunes both now and in a forseeable future. How can these needs be met then? Accordingto Maslov, safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pensionplans and safe working conditions.

　　After this stage come the levels of needs that are particular to human beings. The immediatefollowing level are the social needs. Under this category, Maslov puts our requirements for loveand affection and the sense of belonging. We need to be loved, we need to belong to a groupnot just the family in which we can share with others in common interest. In Maslov’s view, thisneed can be satisfied through the work environment and some informal organizations.Certainly, we also need social relationships beyond the work place, for example, with family andfriends. Next, the level of esteem needs. What are esteem needs then? They include both theneeds of self-esteem and the need of esteem of others. Self-esteem is a sense of our ownachievements and worth. We need to believe that we are successful, we are no worse if nobetter than others. The esteem of people is the respect and recognition we gain from otherpeople, by or through our work or our activities in other social groups. The ways to satisfyesteem needs include personal achievements, promotion to more resposible jobs, varioushonors and awards and other forms of recognition.

　　What follows is the top level of this hierarchy of needs. These are the self-realization needs. Inother words, they are the needs to grow and develop as people, the needs to become all thatwe are capable of being. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy. Whether one canachieve this level or not, perhaps determines whether one can be a great man or just anordinary man. Of course, it depends on different people. The means of satisfying them tend tovary greatly with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new careerafter retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs. While for other people, itcould be becoming the best in certain areas. It could be becoming the president of IBM,anyway, being great or ordinary is what others think, while self-realization is largely individual.Maslov suggested that people work to satisfy their physiological needs first, then their safetyneeds and so on up the needs ladder. In general, they are motivated by the needs at thelowest level that remain unsatisfied. However, needs at one level do not have to be completelysatisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. If the majority of a person’sphysiological and safety needs are satisfied, that person will be motivated primarily by socialneeds. But any physiological and safety needs that remain Unsatisfied will keep playing animportant role.

　　OK, that’s the general picture of Maslov’s hierarchy of needs. Just to sum up, I brieflyintroduce to you Maslov’s theory. Maslov thinks there are five kinds of human needs with eachone being more important than the preceding one. I hope that you find his ideas interesting andin our next lecture, we will mainly discuss the practical implications of his theory.

　　Now, you have 2 minutes to check your notes, then please complete the 15-minute gap-fillingtask on Answer Sheet One.

　　This is the end of Part One.

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