2018英语专四语言知识题9项语法要点：句子成分

　　如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.

　　“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”

　　“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”

　　当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.

　　No longer are they staying with us.

　　No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.

　　Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.

　　表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:

　　There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.

　　The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.

　　There comes the bus!

　　Now comes your turn.

　　1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:

　　There comes your turn.

　　有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:

　　Here is China’s largest tropical forest.

　　Here are some picture-books.

　　2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:

　　Here we are. This is the new railway station.

　　“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”

　　3.表语和系动词提前:

　　介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.

　　Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.

　　形容词: Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.

　　Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.

　　副词: Below is a restaurant.

　　Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.

　　分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.

　　Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.

　　Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.

　　Standing beside the table was an interpreter.

　　6) 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:

　　Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.

　　Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.

　　Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.

　　有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:

　　Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.

　　Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.

宾语

　　(1)宾语(Object)是行为动词的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子。如：

　　I bought a ticket for Milan.

　　我买了一张去米兰的车票。

　　They decided to close to the border.

　　他们决定封闭边境。

　　We hoped that all would come well.

　　我们相信一切都会好转。

　　(2)直接宾语与间接宾语(Direct Object and Indirect Object)

　　英语中的授予动词(Dative Verb，有“给予”、“告知”、“拒绝”等类似意义的动词)要求接双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指所给予或告知的“事物”;间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的“人”。间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但前面须加介词to或for。

　　Please show me your passport.

　　请把护照给我看一下。(me为间接宾语，your passport为直接宾语。)

　　The arrangement saved lots of time for us.

　　这个安排省了我们很多时间。(lots of time为直接宾语，us为间接宾语。)

　　(3)形式宾语与真实宾语(Formal Object and Real Object)

　　作宾语用的短语或从句之后接有宾语补语时，必须将用作宾语的短语或从句放在补语之后，用it代替它原来的位置;这个it称为形式宾语，放在补语之后的宾语为真实宾语。如：

　　I think it wrong to waste time.

　　我认为浪费时间是不对的。(不定式短语是真实宾语，it是形式宾语，wrong是宾语补语。)

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