2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本（十一）

2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本（十一）

　　2019专八考试临近，寒假期间专八考生们也别松懈了对专八听力的训练，新东方在线专八频道整理了2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本，希望大家认真复习。

2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本汇总

　　[00:10.12]TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS--GRADE EIGHT

　　[00:13.51]Section A MINI-LECTURE

　　[00:16.97]In this section you will hear a mini-lecture.

　　[00:20.29]You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.

　　[00:23.73]While listening to the mini-lecture,

　　[00:25.82]please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE

　　[00:30.29]and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.

　　[00:34.70]Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically

　　[00:39.23]and semantically acceptable.

　　[00:41.85]You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.

　　[00:45.67]You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.

　　[01:19.89]Now, listen to the mini-lecture.

　　[01:22.30]When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes

　　[01:25.05]to check your work.

　　[01:27.23]Non-Verbal Communications Across Cultures

　　[01:31.46]Good morning, everyone.

　　[01:33.52]Let me welcome you to the lecture "series of language and communication".

　　[01:38.68]Last time, we talked about verbal communication.

　　[01:42.80]Today, we are going to focus on non-verbal communication across cultures.

　　[01:49.24]As we know, the Euro-zone is in a tizzy.

　　[01:53.41]Greece's economy has tanked and is being bailed out by countries

　　[01:57.66]with different attitudes and understanding about money.

　　[02:01.77]Though they now share a monetary system,

　　[02:04.81]different countries have different ways of communicating.

　　[02:08.73]It's not just about the words they speak.

　　[02:12.09]It's also about the non-verbal communications.

　　[02:16.68]Issues of cultural background, regional variations, gender and personal idiolect

　　[02:23.90]come into play in non-verbal as well as verbal communications.

　　[02:29.50]In linguistics, an idiolect is a variety of a language unique to an individual.

　　[02:36.61]The truth is that our actions do speak at least as loudly,

　　[02:41.67]if not, more loudly than our words.

　　[02:45.65]Non-verbal communications can affirm, complement or even contradict

　　[02:51.67]what is being verbally transmitted.

　　[02:54.66]One of the issues people run into with e-mail

　　[02:58.80]is that the person sending the message knows

　　[03:01.85]the intended message is meant to be funny or sarcastic.

　　[03:06.47]Without the non-verbal clues,

　　[03:08.89]the person receiving the message may take the message seriously.

　　[03:14.31]First of all, about gesture.

　　[03:17.79]Among the most potent forms of non-verbal communications is gesture.

　　[03:23.64]There are too many differences in gestures to handle them in a meaningful way here.

　　[03:29.75]Some examples of gestures that may not translate include pointing.

　　[03:35.60]Pointing with a single finger is considered rude in many Asian cultures.

　　[03:41.83]Better there to indicate direction by gesturing with a whole hand.

　　[03:47.61]Even among those cultures that use a single finger to point, there is variation.

　　[03:54.02]In the US, we use the index finger to point.

　　[03:58.13]In Germany, using the pinky to point is common.

　　[04:02.80]The gesture that Americans use to indicate everything is okay,

　　[04:07.21]is a very offensive gesture in many parts of the world.

　　[04:11.63]Even very similar cultures have differences in gestural norms.

　　[04:17.29]When George Bush visited Australia,

　　[04:20.34]he flashed them a V-for victory/peace sign from his limo.

　　[04:25.76]The gesture is normally done with the palm facing out,

　　[04:29.43]but for most Americans, it does not matter.

　　[04:33.29]President Bush, unfortunately made the sign

　　[04:36.28]with the back of his hand facing towards the crowd.

　　[04:40.14]In Australia and in the UK, this is an equivalent of

　　[04:44.49]flipping someone the bird, or saying "Up yours."

　　[04:49.03]In America and in most parts of Europe,

　　[04:52.27]showing someone a closed fist with your thumb sticking in the air

　　[04:56.63]is a sign of approval.

　　[04:58.86]In many Asian or Islamic parts of the world, it is an insulting gesture.

　　[05:04.90]While in the USA men greeting each other with a handshake is the norm,

　　[05:10.39]in other parts of the world they might greet each other with a kiss.

　　[05:15.00]There are cultures that consider two men walking hand-in-hand as standard behavior.

　　[05:21.16]In the United States, two men holding hands would indicate a romantic relationship.

　　[05:28.31]Second, about eye contact.

　　[05:31.75]Eye contact can indicate degree of attention or interest.

　　[05:36.73]It can be used to indicate attraction,

　　[05:39.82]to establish power, indicate emotion, and influence attitude.

　　[05:45.67]Some western cultures perceive direct eye contact as a positive trait.

　　[05:52.20]Children are encouraged to look the person addressing them in the eye.

　　[05:57.18]However, in a country as diverse as the USA, that is not a universal truth.

　　[06:04.29]African-Americans tend to use more eye contact when they are speaking,

　　[06:09.33]but less when they are listening;

　　[06:12.01]Anglo-Americans tend to use more eye contact when listening,

　　[06:16.42]but less when speaking.

　　[06:19.04]Attitudes in Northern Europe such as Spain, France and Germany,

　　[06:24.20]tend to be similar to the Anglo-American norms for eye-contact in the US.

　　[06:30.11]However, eye-contact in those areas has more flirtatious facets than in the US.

　　[06:37.83]In the Middle East, many cultures make prolonged eye contact when in conversation.

　　[06:44.30]They believe it shows interest

　　[06:46.29]and allows them to read the truthfulness of the person with whom they're speaking.

　　[06:51.40]That said, religious laws change the rules about what is appropriate

　　[06:56.67]in terms of eye-contact between a man and woman.

　　[07:00.84]In certain parts of Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia

　　[07:05.94]avoiding eye contact is the way to show respect.

　　[07:10.43]Extended eye-contact in these cultures

　　[07:13.66]may be taken as disrespectful or a challenge to authority.

　　[07:19.83]Thirdly, about physical contact.

　　[07:23.38]Different cultures have different rules for physical contact.

　　[07:28.06]Norms for the type of contact, the length of contact

　　[07:31.92]and the persons involved in contact vary.

　　[07:36.02]Upon encountering an individual, even a stranger,

　　[07:40.13]Americans shake hands as the norms.

　　[07:43.74]In certain situations, hugging upon meeting is acceptable.

　　[07:48.41]Some American women will greet each other with a kiss.

　　[07:52.70]A peck on the cheek is acceptable between men and women.

　　[07:57.69]American women will shake hands in business situations,

　　[08:01.75]but are likely to hug in social situations outside of the workplace.

　　[08:07.60]In certain demographics, the "hand bump" has become the proper greeting.

　　[08:13.34]Islamic cultures generally do not approve of touching between genders,

　　[08:18.57]though many Islamic men who do business internationally

　　[08:22.62]have learned to adopt more western customs in dealing with women.

　　[08:27.75]Touching on the hood is considered disrespectful by African Americans.

　　[08:33.54]Many Asian cultures do not allow touching on the head

　　[08:37.52]as it houses the soul and a touch on the head can put the soul in peril.

　　[08:44.13]Next, about odors.

　　[08:46.51]Some cultures such as Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai and Indian think

　　[08:54.31]that Americans do not bathe sufficiently.

　　[08:57.92]Americans have multibillion dollar industries to protect them from bodily odors.

　　[09:03.89]Other cultures think Americans are ridiculous and consider bodily odors more normal.

　　[09:10.81]Last but not least, about time.

　　[09:14.42]Anyone who has travelled by train in Europe knows

　　[09:18.04]that in certain countries like Switzerland, Germany and Sweden,

　　[09:22.59]trains run on exact schedules.

　　[09:25.76]In other countries, train schedules seem to be mere suggestions.

　　[09:30.86]There are cultures that value punctuality more than others.

　　[09:35.70]The French protect their 36 hour work week jealously.

　　[09:40.74]For many Europeans, 6 weeks of vacation is the norm.

　　[09:45.28]Americans consider two weeks the norm.

　　[09:48.89]OK. I've outlined five aspects of non-verbal communication across cultures.

　　[09:55.82]As globalization continues, people from around the world connect more easily.

　　[10:01.85]Though we master one another's language,

　　[10:04.34]there is more to how we communicate than just the words we speak.

　　[10:09.38]I hope these tips will help you in your future encounters with foreign friends.

　　[10:18.10]Now you have THREE minutes to check your work.

　　[13:22.88]This is the end of Section A MINI-LECTURE.

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