专业八级英语听力笔记：3

　　新东方在线专四专八频道给大家整理的专业八级英语听力笔记：3,希望能够对大家的专四专八考试备考有所帮助，更多有关专四专八的备考内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线专四专八频道。

　　Chapter 3 Phonology

　　l What is phonology?

　　n Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.

　　n Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives,

　　which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.

　　n Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions.

　　u What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in

　　a particular language?

　　u What sounds vary in what ways in what context?

　　u What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular

　　language?

　　l Phonemes and allophones

　　n A phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive

　　feature.

　　n The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.

　　n We use allophones to realize phonemes.

　　l Discovering phonemes

　　n Contrastive distribution – phonemes

　　u If sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in

　　contrastive distribution.

　　u Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs

　　and minimal sets.

　　l A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound

　　in the same position.

　　l Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one

　　segment in the same position.

　　u The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by

　　the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.

　　u Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in

　　English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features.

　　Therefore, they are separate phonemes.

　　n Complementary distribution – allophones

　　u Sounds that are not found in the same position are said to be in

　　complementary distribution.

　　u If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of

　　features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.

　　n Free variation

　　u If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution

　　does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.

　　l Distinctive and non-distinctive features

　　n Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features,

　　and features do not, non-distinctive features.

　　n Distinctive features in one language may be non-distinctive in

　　another.

　　l Phonological rules

　　n Phonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while

　　allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.

　　n What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context

　　is another major question in phonology.

　　n The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context

　　are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.

　　n There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following

　　ones as examples.

　　l [+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_

　　l [-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar

　　+fricative]_

　　l Syllable structure

　　n A syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more

　　phonemes.

　　n Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.

　　n The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the

　　onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.

　　l Sequence of phonemes

　　n Native speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be

　　put together.

　　n Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences

　　are called systematic gaps.

　　n Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called

　　accidental gaps.

　　n When new words are coined, they may fill some accidental gaps but

　　they will never fill systematic gaps.

　　l Suprasegmental features

　　n Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more

　　segments are called suprasegmental features.

　　n These features are distinctive features.

　　n Stress

　　u Stress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements

　　over others in a word.

　　u Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or

　　more syllables have stress.

　　u If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a

　　secondary stress.

　　u In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In

　　English, word stress is unpredictable.

　　n Intonation

　　u When we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.

　　u Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.

　　u The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express

　　different attitude of the speaker.

　　u In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise,

　　fall-rise.

　　n Tone

　　u Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words.

　　u The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with

　　different tones.

　　u Chinese is a typical tone language.

　　以上就是新东方在线专四专八频道给大家整理的专业八级英语听力笔记：3希望对大家有所帮助，更多备考内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线专四专八频道。

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