2021年英语专业八级听力测试test-3

　　新东方在线专四专八频道给大家整理的2021年英语专业八级听力测试test-3,希望能够对大家的专四专八考试备考有所帮助，更多有关专四专八的备考内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线专四专八频道。

　　[by:]恒星英语学习网

　　[00:26.48]Test Three

　　[00:29.87]SECTION A MINI-LECTURE

　　[00:31.84]In this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY.

　　[00:37.41]While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked,

　　[00:43.32]but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.

　　[00:46.83]When the lecture is over, you’ll be given two minutes to check your notes,

　　[00:51.74]and another 10 minutes to complete the gap-filling task.

　　[00:54.48]Now listen to the mini-lecture.

　　[00:57.21]Good morning. Before you write something, you need to have a clear idea of the topic,

　　[01:03.99]the audience, and the purpose of your writing.

　　[01:06.73]In this lecture, we’ll concentrate on one of these elements, the audience.

　　[01:11.87]This is a very important concept for writing.

　　[01:15.70]The term audience usually refers to viewers of movies and TV shows and listeners of radio programs.

　　[01:23.79]Here we expand it to include readers of written materials in discussions of writing activities.

　　[01:30.14]Why is this concept so important? As shown in the example in our book, the same topic,

　　[01:37.24]when written to different audiences, can have very different content, structure, style, etc.

　　[01:43.81]Thus, the importance of a keen awareness of your audience throughout

　　[01:48.51]the writing process can not be overemphasized.

　　[01:51.68]Audiences can be examined from three different perspectives:

　　[01:55.73]1. your social relations to your audience

　　[01:59.56]2. your audience’s knowledge about your subject

　　[02:03.93]3. your audience’s attitudes or viewpoints to the subject and your position in the writing

　　[02:11.37]Let’s discuss them one by one. Now, first point, analyze your audience in terms of your social relations.

　　[02:20.12]Whenever you write, you are interacting with other members of the society.

　　[02:25.26]Are you writing to a friend of yours? To a colleague? To the director of your business firm?

　　[02:31.60]To the admission office of an American college?

　　[02:35.35]In each situation, you have a different social relationship with your audience and this relationship

　　[02:41.69]has a definite impact on the shape of your writing. No one in his or her right mind would write a letter

　　[02:48.58]of application to the dean of the graduate school as if the dean was one of his or her buddies.

　　[02:54.93]The second point, analyze your audience in terms of their knowledge of the subject you are writing about.

　　[03:01.93]This analysis is valuable particularly in informative and explanatory writing. Suppose you are writing a

　　[03:10.02]paper comparing the Mid-autumn Festival to Thanksgiving, how much knowledge would you assume your

　　[03:15.82]American readers already have about the Chinese holiday and how much about their own? Obviously,

　　[03:23.03]very little about the former and a whole lot about the latter.

　　[03:27.19]In such a paper, you want to take care not to bore your readers to death by telling them what they already

　　[03:34.09]know while leaving them tantalizingly unsatisfied about what they are so eager to learn.

　　[03:40.53]The emphasis here should be to show the striking differences and subtle parallels

　　[03:45.56]rather than to give exhaustively detailed information on each holiday.

　　[03:50.05]Now, the third point, analyze your audience in terms of their attitudes or viewpoints to the

　　[03:57.27]subject and your position in the writing. This analysis is vitally important in writing persuasive

　　[04:03.61]or argumentative essays, which is much more complex and challenging. In a persuasive essay you present

　　[04:11.49]reasons and arguments to convince your readers that they should accept a belief or to take a position

　　[04:17.61]or a specific action. For persuasive or argumentative writings, you can classify audiences into three groups:

　　[04:25.27]those who agree, those who are neutral or undecided, and those who disagree.

　　[04:30.63]When writing to an audience who already sees eye to eye with you about a controversial issue,

　　[04:36.87]is there much you need to do? Not much.

　　[04:40.25]If you are addressing an audience who already shares your view about developing and maintaining a mature a

　　[04:47.37]nd constructive relationship between China and the United States in the 21st century, all you need to do

　　[04:53.60]reiterate why such a relationship is in the vital interests of both countries and of the whole world.

　　[04:59.82]When writing to audiences who are neutral or undecided, you have the most to do and can hope to achieve a lot.

　　[05:08.46]Say you want to propose that a new financial aid system be

　　[05:12.61]established to help those bright students in rural and

　　[05:15.90]less prosperous areas of the country. You are concerned that with today’s new tuition policy and practice,

　　[05:22.68]those students will be priced out of a chance for the high education they deserve so much. Some people may be

　　[05:31.43]undecided because they have some doubts and concerns: where does the money needed for such an aid come from?

　　[05:37.77]What are the specific standards whereby to award scholarships?

　　[05:41.71]Are there more fair and efficient alternative solutions?

　　[05:45.54]Once you find out why your audiences are undecided,

　　[05:50.27]you need to address their doubts and concerns as directly and fully as possible.

　　[05:55.41]You have a fairly good chance of winning them over when their questions are answered satisfactorily.

　　[06:02.19]And audiences who disagree are the most difficult to write to.

　　[06:07.66]Different people disagree with you for different reasons.

　　[06:11.49]Some of them may have already given the issue a thought and have already made a choice; therefore,

　　[06:18.27]it is extremely difficult to change their minds.

　　[06:21.12]Others who disagree may not have had the time to think it over seriously.

　　[06:26.36]There are two main possible reasons why your audiences may disagree with you:

　　[06:31.95]1) because they don’t have the “facts” or because they look at the same “facts” differently.

　　[06:37.63]2) because they are influenced by their personal opinion, prejudice, and political or religious beliefs.

　　[06:44.96]Once you have found why they disagree, you can decide what is the best approach to such audiences.

　　[06:51.30]If it is a lack of information, your job is to give them

　　[06:55.78]the relevant historical as well as up to date information

　　[06:59.18]as accurately as possible. If it is for personal, political and religious reasons,

　　[07:05.09]you need to recognize them, understand them, and address them accordingly.

　　[07:09.35]Now, we can see that audience awareness is so crucial to the success of your writing.

　　[07:15.91]In actual practice, you may need to analyze your audience in terms of three factors:

　　[07:21.71]social relations, knowledge, and viewpoints in order to decide the best approach for your writing.

　　[07:28.16]And in the next lecture, we’ll discuss the writing purpose and your role in the writing.

　　[07:33.90]Thank you for your attention!

　　以上就是新东方在线专四专八频道给大家整理的2021年英语专业八级听力测试test-3,希望对大家有所帮助，更多备考内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线专四专八频道。

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