2022年英语专八听力笔记（2）

　　新东方在线专四专八频道给大家整理的2022年英语专八听力笔记（2）,希望能够对大家的专四专八考试备考有所帮助，更多有关专四专八的备考内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线专四专八频道。

　　Chapter 2 Phonetics

　　l What is phonetics?

　　n Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.

　　n Sub-branches of phonetics

　　u Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds

　　u Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds

　　u Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds

　　l The speech organs

　　n Where does the air stream come from?

　　u From the lung

　　n What is the function of vocal cords?

　　u Controlling the air stream

　　n What are the cavities?

　　u Oral cavity

　　u Pharyngeal cavity

　　u Nasal cavity

　　l Transcription of speech sounds

　　n Units of representation

　　u Segments (the individual sounds)

　　n Phonetic symbols

　　u The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

　　u The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.

　　u In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.

　　l Description of speech sounds

　　n Description of English consonants

　　u General feature: obstruction

　　u Criteria of consonant description

　　l Places of articulation

　　l Manners of articulation

　　l Voicing of articulation

　　u Places of articulation

　　l This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.

　　n Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]

　　n Labiodental: [f] [v]

　　n Interdental: [W] [T]

　　n Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]

　　n Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]

　　n Velar: [k] [g] [N]

　　n Glottal: [h]

　　u Manners of articulation

　　l This refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.

　　n Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]

　　n Fricatives: [s] [z] [F] [V] [f] [v] [W] [T] [h]

　　n Affricates: [tF] [dV]

　　n Liquids: [l] [r]

　　n Glides: [w] [j]

　　n Nasals: [m] [n] [N]

　　u Voicing of articulation

　　l This refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.

　　n Voiced sounds

　　n Voiceless sounds

　　n Description of English vowels

　　u General feature: without obstruction

　　u Criteria of vowel description

　　l Part of the tongue that is raised

　　n Front

　　n Central

　　n Back

　　l Extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate

　　n High

　　n Mid

　　n Low

　　l Kind of opening made at the lips

　　l Position of the soft palate

　　u Single vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongs

　　l Phonetic features and natural classes

　　n Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.

　　n Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.

　　n Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.

　　以上就是新东方在线专四专八频道给大家整理的2022年英语专八听力笔记（2）,希望对大家有所帮助，更多备考内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线专四专八频道。

专四专八精选好课 暖心助学

新东方好老师 手把手带学