2022年英语专四语法第7讲：分词

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　　Participles 分词

　　分词(过分和现分)兼有v.和adj.的特征，可带宾(现分)或状语构成分词短语

　　When visiting Beijing, he went to the Great Wall.

　　It is an interesting story.

　　现分与过分词的区别

　　A. 语态不同。现分表示主动的意思，过分多由及物v.变来，常表被动的意义。

　　surprising (令人惊讶的—主动) surprised (感到吃惊的—被动)

　　More Examples

　　an exciting story

　　the exploiting classes(剥削阶级)

　　a moving film(感人的)

　　a tiring journey

　　excited spectators

　　the exploited classes(被剥削阶级)

　　a moved audience(被感动的)

　　a tired football player

　　有些过分由不及物动词变来，只表示一个动作已完成;无被动意义.

　　fallen leaves, the exploded bomb, a retired miner, escaped prisoners, the risen sun.

　　B. 时间关系不同。现分表示的动作正在进行，而过分表示的往往已完成。

　　the changing world----the changed world

　　boiling water----boiled water

　　developing countries----developed countries

　　分词的语法功能

　　1) 作表语

　　The situation is discouraging.

　　She felt discouraged at the words.

　　现分作表语有主动的含义，它表示主语的性质或特征;

　　过分作表语有被动的含义，它表示主语所处状态或具有的情感

　　2) 作定语

　　I'm reading a very attracting book.

　　He likes to drink cold boiled water.

　　一般，分词作前置定语泛指一般情况

　　Eg. An excited child is not easy to control.

　　分词作后置定语时，是特指某一特定情况下的特点，具有特殊含义。Eg. The child excited by the gift was brought under control.

　　There's a broken window in their classroom.

　　The window broken yesterday will have to be paid for.

　　She said she would never get married, because she didn't want to spend her life surrounded by screaming children.

　　The child screaming there is his son.

　　3)作宾语的补足语

　　分词作宾语的补足语只用于下列结构：

　　(1)当v.为表示感觉或心理状态时，这些v.包括

　　see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell, find, think, observe, listen to, catch, leave, start, set

　　Examples

　　a. I saw a girl standing by the goldfish pond.

　　b. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light.

　　c. I found him drinking my mineral water.

　　d. Everyone thought the battle lost.

　　e. Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?

　　(2) 当v.为make, get, have, keep等表示“致使、使得”含义时：

　　a. I have my hair cut every ten days.

　　b. He got his bad tooth pulled out.

　　c. She's going to have her clothes altered.

　　(3) 在have+宾+p.p.结构中，have 有三种不同含义。

　　a. We had the problem solved. (意为“致使”有意的行为)

　　b. He had his arms broken in an accident. (意为“遭受”，表示无意行为)

　　c. I have no money left. (have有)

　　(4) 当v.为like, want, wish, order等表示希望要求命令等意义时

　　a. He wanted his eggs fried.

　　b. He won't like such questions discussed at the meeting.

　　c. The boss ordered all the errors corrected.

　　与不定式作宾补的区别

　　注：有些动词如see, feel, notice, watch即可跟现分也可跟不定式作宾补，区别在于：现在分词着重说明动作正在发生，不定式说明动作的全过程。

　　I saw the boys climbing the wall. (在爬)

　　I saw the boys climb the wall. (爬了)

　　4) 作状语

　　(1) 作时间或原因状语，常位于句前

　　a. Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.

　　b. Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.

　　(2) 表示让步或条件

　　a. Heating water, you can change it into steam.

　　b. Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence.

　　省略

　　在上述两种情况下，分词所做的状语可以相当于一个状语从句。此时可在分词前加一个引导词如when, if, though, unless, before, after等 ，这就构成了省略。

　　Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.

　　=When he arrived at the station, he……

　　=When arriving at the station, he……

　　More Examples

　　Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.

　　=After/Because they were inspired by ……

　　=After/Because inspired by ……

　　Heating water, you can change it into steam.

　　=If you heat water, you can ……

　　=If heating water, you can……

　　Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence.

　　=Though they were beaten by ……

　　(3) 表方式、结果及伴随状况。(不能用相当的状从替代)

　　a. Laughing and talking, the students went out from the cinema.

　　b. He came running back to tell us the news.

　　c. She stood there waiting for the bus.

　　d. The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen. 匪徒向山里逃窜，警察在后面追捕着。

　　分词独立结构

　　分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名/ 代词，n. / pron. +分词的结构就是独立(主格)结构。

　　A new technique ____, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. (90.1 CET-4)

　　Answer: having been worked out.

　　分词独立结构的功能

　　1)它在句中作状语，表示谓语动作的时间，原因伴随情况，方式方法条件等

　　a. The question being settled, we signed the contract.

　　b. It being sunny, we went out for a walk.

　　c. The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.

　　d. Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.

　　(分词)独立结构的构成

　　(1)名/ 代+ 分词：

　　a. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.

　　b. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him.

　　c. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.

　　(2)省去being或分词 后，由n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。

　　He entered the room, his nose (being)red with cold.

　　The meal (being)over, he went to his office again.

　　He stood in doorway, a hat (held)in his hand.

　　Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.

　　(3)with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词being.

　　She left the room with the candle burning on the table.

　　He wandered in without shoes or socks on.

　　分词的否定结构

　　否定：not + 分词

　　a. Not knowing what to do, she went to the professor for help.

　　b. I left at noon, not staying for lunch.

　　分词的时态

　　(1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。

　　a. Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him.

　　b. Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.

　　c. He came up to me, saying “Glad to see you again”.

　　(2) 现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。

　　a. Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest.

　　b. Not having done it right, I tried again.

　　c. Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.

　　分词的语态

　　(3) 现在分词的被动语态：being done. 表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时间或原因。

　　a. Who is the patient being operated on?

　　b. You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.

　　c. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.

　　例句：

　　1)选择正确的职业对一个人来说非常关键。

　　Choosing a right career is vital to a person.

　　2)戒烟十分必要因为吸烟有害健康。

　　Giving up smoking / getting rid of smoking is very necessary because smoking is harmful to health.

　　3)培养良好的生活习惯对于一个孩子的成长至关重要。

　　Developing / cultivating good living habits is critical for a child's development / growth.

　　4)守时是一个好的品德。

　　Being punctual is a good quality / virtue.

　　5)热爱祖国是每个公民的义务/责任。

　　Loving the motherland is every citizen's duty / responsibility.

　　6)住在乡村比住在城市更好。

　　Living in the country / countryside is better than / preferable to living in the city.

　　7)住在城市比住在农村更方便。

　　Living in the city is more convenient than living in the country.

　　8)拥有私车也会带来/导致一些问题。

　　Owning a private car will also bring about / lead to some problems.

　　9)婚后和父母同住会有许多不便。

　　Living with parents after getting married may give rise to / result in / lead to / bring about many inconveniences.

　　10)学好英语不是一件容易的事。

　　Learning English well is no easy job.

　　11) 我们可以从参加社会活动中受益。

　　We can benefit greatly from taking part in social activities.

　　12)代沟通常是因不能彼此理解而造成的。

　　Generally speaking, generation gaps are resulted from not being able to understand each other.

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