2022年英语专四语法第13讲：时态(2)

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　　特定结构和句型中的时态

　　1.

　　This(That/It) is the first (second…) +名词+定语从句

　　This(That/It) is the only (last) +名词+定语从句

　　This(That/It) is the +形容词最高级+名词+定语从句

　　Examples

　　This is one of the rarest questions that ___ at such a meeting.

　　A. has ever been raised B. is raised C. are raised D. have ever been raised

　　There was a knock at the door, it was the second time someone ___ me that evening.

　　A. had interrupted B. would have interrupted C. to have interrupted D. to be interrupted

　　2.

　　It is /has been + 时间段 since +从句(一般过去时)

　　It will be +时间段before +从句(现在时)

　　It was +时间段before +从句(一般过去时)

　　It is likely /unlikely that +从句(一般将来时)

　　Examples

　　It ___ 2 weeks since she fell down the stairs, but you can still see the bruises.

　　A. was B. is C. will be D. were

　　Last night a man escaped from prison. It was a long time ____ the guards discovered what had happened.

　　A. since B. when C. before D. that

　　3.

　　“祈使句+and”结构中, and 引导的并列分句谓语动词用一般将来时。

　　Hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than句型中主句常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

　　Examples

　　___ when she started complaining.

　　A. Not until he arrived

　　B. Hardly had he arrived

　　C. No sooner had he arrived

　　D. Scarcely did he arrive

　　Turn on the radio or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy and balanced families.

　　A. are often seeing B. often see C. have often seen D. will often see

　　副词的位置

　　在时态测试中，根据某些副词在句中的特殊位置这一特点，也有助于判断选项的正误。 频率副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually , rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be动词与实义动词之间。在省略结构中，这些副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be 动词之前。

　　Examples

　　We ___ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

　　A. just have had B. have just had C. just had had D. had just had

　　San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ____.

　　A. is rarely B. rarely is C. hardly is D. is scarcely

　　时态一致

　　从句谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词时态限制，主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时， 从句时态根据需要选择;主句谓语动词是过去时，从句通常也用过去时。这是四级语法测试重点。如：主句谓语动词是过去时，则

　　1)主从句动作同时发生，从句did 或was/were doing.

　　2) 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句had done.

　　3)从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句would do.

　　Examples

　　After searching for half an hour, she realized that her glasses ___ on the table all the time.

　　A. had been lying B. had been lain C. have been lying D. were lain

　　Exception (例外)

　　如果从句中所表示的是一个客观事实或科学真理，从句谓语动词不受时态原则限制，只能(永远)用一般现在时，通常根据常识就可以确定答案。

　　Our teacher has a strict rule. She said yesterday that all the students ___ to class on time.

　　A. came B. might come C. must come D. must have come

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