2022年专八语言学笔记要点 (4)

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　　Chapter 4 Morphology

　　l What is morphology?

　　n The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.

　　n Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.

　　n Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.

　　l Morphemes and allomorphs

　　n The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.

　　n A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.

　　n “zero” form of a morpheme and suppletives

　　u Some countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.

　　u Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.

　　l Free and bound morphemes

　　n Some morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.

　　n Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.

　　n The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.

　　n Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).

　　l Inflexional and derivational morphemes

　　n Inflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.

　　n Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.

　　u English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.

　　u Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.

　　u The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.

　　l Conclusion: classification of morphemes

　　n Morphemes

　　u Free morphemes

　　u Bound morphemes

　　l Inflexional

　　l Derivational: affixes

　　n Prefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -s

　　n Suffixes

　　l Formation of new words

　　n Derivation

　　u Derivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.

　　u Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.

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