2022年专八语言学笔记要点 (8)

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　　Chapter 8 Language in Social Contexts

　　l What is sociolinguistics?

　　n The sociolinguistic study of language

　　u Language in relation to society

　　u Diversity of language, variation between societies or within a society

　　n The distinction between “language” and “a language”

　　u Try to answer the following three questions:

　　l Can language be defined in terms of geography?

　　l Can language be defined in terms of nationality?

　　l Should language be defined by mutual intelligibility?

　　u The answer to these questions should all be no. All languages are equal. If you define language in terms of these factors, you are speaking of “a language”.

　　l Varieties of language

　　n A language varies according to the following factors:

　　u Situation

　　u Geographical areas

　　u Social factors

　　u Purposes and subject matters

　　u Time (through which the language develops)

　　n Geographical varieties and regional dialects

　　u What’s the relationship between a regional dialect and the national standard speech?

　　l A regional dialect is a variety of the national standard speech.

　　u Accent

　　l Pronunciation:

　　l Spelling: -our/-or

　　l Vocabulary:

　　l Grammar: have you/do you have…

　　u Social varieties

　　l Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes.

　　l A social variety is a variety of language brought about by the social factors.

　　l Language plays the role of a social indicator.

　　l Social classes and variation

　　n Grammar: third person singular

　　n Pronunciation: popular contracted forms

　　l Sex and variation

　　n Women tend to speak more standard, decent variation.

　　n Women tend to make overstatements, especially when making comment.

　　n Women prefer to use certain adjectives which are not used normally.

　　n Women tend to avoid the use of vulgar words.

　　n Women tend to use certain expressions to show happiness or surprise.

　　l Age and variation

　　l Race and variation

　　n Racial difference

　　n Black English

　　- Pronunciation

　　- Grammar

　　l Temporal dialects

　　n Standard dialect and idiolect

　　u Standard dialect is the highest prestige in a society or a nation. It is usually based on the well-educated speech.

　　l It is used in news media and literature.

　　l It is described in dictionaries and grammar books.

　　l It is taught in schools and to non-native learners.

　　u Idiolect is the language system of an individual. It is one’s particular way of speaking and/or writing.

　　n Register – situational variety

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