2022年专四阅读理解题及答案（9）

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　　Specialization canbe seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation ofscientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis forfurther research. But specialization was only one of a series of relateddevelopments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was thegrowing professionalisation of scientific activity。

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals andamateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word“amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integratedinto the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share itsvalues. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with itsconsequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally mostobvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development ofgeology in the United Kingdom。

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy ofresearch, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptableresearch paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studiesrepresented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentiethcentury, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionalsonly if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the oldway. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geologicaljournals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by thewidespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in thetwentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separatejournals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateurreadership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to cometogether nationally in a different way。

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialization wasalready well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, itsfull consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In sciencegenerally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucialperiod for this change in the structure of science。

　　21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be moreclearly seen in sciences such as _________。

　　[A]sociology and chemistry

　　[B]physics and psychology

　　[C]sociology and psychology

　　[D]physics and chemistry

　　22. We can infer from the passage that _________。

　　[A]there is little distinction between specialization andprofessionalisation

　　[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunity

　　[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_________。

　　[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation

　　[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　[C]the change of policies in scientific publications

　　[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　24. The direct reason for specialization is _________。

　　[A]the development in communication

　　[B]the growth of professionalisation

　　[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　[D]the splitting up of academic societies

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