2023年英语专业八级语言学笔记要点 (2)

2023-03-29 18:11:31来源:网络

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  Chapter 2 Phonetics

  l What is phonetics?

  n Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.

  n Sub-branches of phonetics

  u Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds

  u Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds

  u Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds

  l The speech organs

  n Where does the air stream come from?

  u From the lung

  n What is the function of vocal cords?

  u Controlling the air stream

  n What are the cavities?

  u Oral cavity

  u Pharyngeal cavity

  u Nasal cavity

  l Transcription of speech sounds

  n Units of representation

  u Segments (the individual sounds)

  n Phonetic symbols

  u The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

  u The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.

  u In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.

  l Description of speech sounds

  n Description of English consonants

  u General feature: obstruction

  u Criteria of consonant description

  l Places of articulation

  l Manners of articulation

  l Voicing of articulation

  u Places of articulation

  l This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.

  n Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]

  n Labiodental: [f] [v]

  n Interdental: [W] [T]

  n Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]

  n Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]

  n Velar: [k] [g] [N]

  n Glottal: [h]

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