2017英语专八句型翻译：汉语被动语态的翻译

2017英语专八句型翻译：汉语被动语态的翻译

　　(一)被动语态的概念

　　在汉语里，由于动词没有语态(voice)，所以被动语态并不像英语那样一定有明确的形式标志。只要主语代表动作的受事，句子就可以叫被动语态。所以，被动语态也可以叫受事主语句。

　　(二)汉语被动语态的分类

　　汉语被动语态根据是否有标记，可以分为：有标记被动语态和无标记被动语态。有标记被动语态又可以分为五种格式：

　　1.受事+被(叫/让/给)+施事+动词

　　2.受事+被(给)+动词

　　3.受事+被(叫/让/为)+施事+所+动词

　　4.受事+被(叫/让)+施事+给+动词

　　5.受事1 + 被(叫/给/让/为) + (施事) + 动词 + 受事2

　　从以上五种格式看，除了第二种没有引进施事以外，其余都引进了施事，虽然略有不同，但都可以译为英语的被动语态。

　　汉语被动句翻译总原则是：确定英语的动词，根据所确定的英语动词的构句原则来翻译。

　　(三)有标记被动语态的翻译

　　1.受事+被(叫/让/给)+施事+动词

　　他的鞋子被尖利的石头咬破了，被海水浸湿了。

　　His shoes have been gnawed open by sharp stone, and soaked by the seawater.

　　2.受事+被(给)+动词

　　1)门好像被推开了。

　　The door seemed to be opened by someone.

　　2)他的辫子给剪掉了。

　　His braid (pigtail) was forced to be cut. / He had to have his pigtail cut.

　　3.受事+被(叫/让/为)+施事+所+动词

　　1)我们确信，一切困难将被全国人民的英勇奋斗所战胜。

　　We are certain that all difficulties will be overcome by the heroic people of the whole country.

　　We are certain that the heroic people of the whole country will overcome any difficulty.

　　2)我深深地被他的话所感动，心理激动不已。

　　I was deeply touched and inspired by his words (what he said).

　　3)新官上任，必为众目所瞩。

　　People’s close attention (eyes) must be paid to the newly appointed official.

　　The new appointed official will surely arouse people’s general concern.

　　新官上任三把火。

　　A new official applies strict measures; a new broom sweeps clean.

　　4.受事+被(叫/让)+施事+给+动词

　　1)过桥时我的帽子叫风给吹跑了。

　　My cap was blown off by the wind while I was crossing the bridge.

　　2)地上的水让太阳给晒干了。

　　The water on the ground dried in the sun.

　　晒棉被 dry a quilt in the sun/ air a quilt

　　晒衣服 dry clothes in the sun / air clothes

　　晒谷子 dry grain in the sun

　　(使爆晒Insolate)

　　晒太阳 sunbathe, bask in the sun, enjoy the sunshine

　　除了以上四种形式外，还有一种格式：

　　5.受事1+被(叫、给、让)+(施事)+动词+受事2。

　　这种被动句的翻译要仔细分析，受事1与受事2之间的语义关系，才能确定英语中用哪里一个受事作英语被动句的主语。汉语受事1与受事2之间的语义有如下几种：

　　1) 受事1与受事2之间是领属关系：

　　到底如何翻译取决于在英语中所选用的动词的特点。领属有所属关系、整体与部分的关系、总数与分数的关系。试比较：

　　1)他被敌人打死了爸爸。(他和爸爸是所属关系，两个受事合并在一起翻译。)

　　His father was killed by the enemy.

　　2)他被敌人打(刺)伤了腿。(两个受事是整体与部分的关系,人的受事作主语)

　　He was wounded by the enemy’s shot (with a sword) in the leg.

　　He was shot in the leg by the enemy.

　　3)三只小猪被抓走了两只。(两个受事是总数与分数的关系)

　　Two of the three pigs were snatched away.

　　英语中有些动词要接两个动作的承受者;一个是人;一个是人的身体部位。人作动作的直接承受者，直接放在动词之后，身体部位作动词的间接承受者，用介词加以连接。在变成被动语态时，只能是直接承受者即人，作被动句的主语。具体句式如下：

　　主动句：Agent + Verb +Receiver as a man + Prep. + Part of body.

　　被动句:Receiver as a man+Be+Past-participle+ Prep.+ Part of body.

　　如：

　　hit sb 介词+身体部位

　　He hit her on the head with a bottle.

　　Slash sb 介词+身体部位

　　Slash sb on the back用鞭子抽打某人的背。

　　因此，受事1与受事2的领属关系，要根据情况来翻译。

　　2) 受事2表示句中动词的结果

　　1)他被打得失去了知觉。

　　He was beaten senseless.

　　2) 不一会儿，他就被剃了一个大光头。

　　Very soon, he has had his head fully shaven.

　　3) 受事2表示接受事物对象，相当于主动句中的间接宾语。

　　1)那本书叫我送给别人了。

　　I have given that book to others./ That book has been given to others.

　　2)连八岁的妹妹都被卖给了人家。

　　Even my eight-year-old sister was already sold.

　　4)受事2表示动作所借以进行的材料工具。

　　1)墙壁被刷上了一层深蓝色。

　　The wall was painted dark blue.

　　2) 灌木丛上覆盖一层雪。

　　The bush was varnished with snow.

　　可见，如果宾语是具体的物质名词，翻译时多半可以用with 来连接宾语。

　　5.受事2与动词组成一个整体，形成一个惯用语。

　　1)她已经结了婚，丈夫被抓了壮丁。

　　She was already married, but soon his husband was pressganged into the KMT’s army.

　　2)脚肚子一软，植物学者竟像被点了穴，迈不动步了。

　　Suddenly his leg felt weak, the botanist could not step forward as if his vital points were touched.

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