2018英语专四语言知识高频语法点详解:非谓语动词

2018-03-20 11:28:11来源:网络

2018英语专四语言知识高频语法点详解:非谓语动词

2018英语专四语言知识高频语法点详解汇总

  1.非谓语动词主要有以下三大类:分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词可以充当多种成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。

  (1) 非谓语动词作状语:

  不定式作状语表示未来的动作;分词作状语表示伴随及原因(现在分词常表示进行、主动;过去分词表示完成、被动)

  (2) 非谓语动词作主语:

  不定式和动名词在句中充当主语,但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体一次性动作,而动名词表示一般或抽象的多次动作。


  1. 非谓语动词的基本用法

  ·非谓语动词的否定形式:否定词not均加在非谓语动词或者非谓语动词短语的最前面。例如:

  Not being tall is not aserious disadvantage in life.

  ·非谓语动词的时态和语态。

  一般说来,动名词和现在分词的一般时表示该动作和主句的动作同时发生,完成时则表示该动作发生在主句动作之前;过去分词的一般时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前,进行时表示该动作和主句动作同时发生;不定式的一般时表示该动作发生在主句动作之后,进行时表示该动作和主句动作同时发生,完成时则表示该动作发生在主句动作之前。

  动名词、现在分词和不定式的一般时均表示该动作与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系,如果两者之间是被动关系,则要使用相应的被动形式;过去分词表示该动作与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。

  a)现在分词

  一般时:Do you see the man talking to the dean?

  一般被动式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.

  完成时:Not having made adequate preparations,they failed.

  完成被动式:Having been adapted,the script seems perfect.

  b)过去分词

  一般时:Fight no battle unprepared.

  c)不定式

  一般时:He decided to work harder.

  一般被动式:He preferred to be assigned some heavier work.

  进行时:They are said to be holding ameeting now.

  完成时:He pretended not to have seen me.

  完成被动式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

  d)动名词

  一般时:I enjoy swimming in the big river.

  一般被动式:This question is far from being settled.

  完成时:I regret not having taken your advice.

  完成被动式(通常用一般被动式代替):I still remember being invited/hav

  ing been invited by afamous artist when Iwas in Shanghai.

  2. 非谓语动词的主要区别

  ·不定式和动名词作句子的主语、宾语的区别:

  a)作主语时,不定式多指具体的、一次性的动作,动名词多泛指概念性动作,在意义上较为笼统和抽象,含普遍意味。例如:

  To get there by bike will take us an hour.

  Learning from others is important.

  b)有些动词要求不定式作宾语,如:  afford,agree,aim,apply,arrange,cause,consent,dare,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,fail,hesitate,learn,manage,offer,ought,plan,plot,prepare,presume,pretend,proceed,profess,refuse,resolve,strive,struggle,swear,threaten,tend,volunteer,undertake,wait,want等。

  c)有些动词后要求动名词作宾语,如:  acknowledge,admit,adore,advise,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,complete,confess,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,discuss,enjoy,escape,evade,facilitate,fancy,favor,forbid,grudge,imagine,justify,mention,necessitate,postpone,prevent,quit,recall,recommend,renounce,regret,require,resent,resist,resume,risk,stand,suggest,tolerate,warrant等。

  d)在can't bear,like,hate,prefer等表示喜好的动词后,动名词表示一般倾向,不定式表示具体行为。例如:

  I would like to go with him.

  He really loves jogging before breakfast.

  e)在bear,deserve,need,require,want等动词后,动名词表示被动含义,不定式表示主动含义。例如:

  We want to think it over.

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