专八人文知识需知的美国名人--艾森豪威尔

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--艾森豪威尔

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　德怀特·戴维·艾森豪威尔(Dwight David Eisenhower，1890年10月14日—1969年3月28日，七十九岁)美国第34任总统(1953 年1月20日—— 1957年1月20日，1957年1月20日——1961年1月20日)，陆军五星上将。在美军历史上，艾森豪威尔是一个充满戏剧性的传奇人物。他曾获得很多个第一。美军共授予10名五星上将，他是晋升得“第一快”;他出身 “第一穷”;他是美军统率最大战役行动的第一人;他是第一个担任北大西洋公约组织盟军最高统帅;他是美军退役高级将领担任哥伦比亚大学校长的第一人;他是美国惟一的一个当上总统的五星上将。

　　He won a war and two elections, and made everybody like Ike.

　　他赢了一场战争和两次选举，人人都喜欢他。

　　Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was a five-star general in theUnited States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. DuringWorld War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibilityfor planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from theWestern Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.

　　A Republican, Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race to counter the isolationism of Sen.Robert A. Taft, and to crusade against "Communism, Korea and corruption" (that is, the policies ofPresident Harry Truman in those areas). He won by a landslide, ending two decades of New Dealcontrol of the White House. As President, Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons, forcingChina to agree to a cease-fire of the Korean War. He maintained pressure on the Soviet Unionduring the Cold War, gave priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons and reduced the other forcesto save money. He had to play catch-up in the Space Race race after the Soviets launched theSputnik satellite in 1957. On the domestic front, he helped remove Joseph McCarthy from powerbut otherwise left most political chores to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower refused toroll-back the New Deal, but instead enlarged the Social Security program and launched theInterstate Highway System. He was the first term-limited president in accordance with the 22ndAmendment. His two terms were peaceful, and generally prosperous except for a sharp economicrecession in 1958–59. Historians typically rank Eisenhower among the top ten U.S. presidents.

　　Athletic career

　　Eisenhower later said that "not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatestdisappointments of my life, maybe my greatest." However he did make the high visibility footballteam, and was a varsity starter as running back and linebacker in 1912. In a bit of a fabled match-up, he even tackled the legendary Jim Thorpe in a 1912 game. But Ike injured his knee; it becamepermanently damaged on horseback and in the boxing ring. He would later serve as junior varsityfootball coach and yell leader.

　　In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Eisenhower was football coach for St. Louis College,now St. Mary's University.

　　Eisenhower played golf very enthusiastically later in life, and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in1948. He played golf frequently during his two terms as president, and after his retirement as well,never shying away from the media interest about his passion for golf. He had a small, basic golffacility installed at Camp David, and became close friends with Augusta National Chairman CliffordRoberts, inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on several occasions; Roberts, an investmentbroker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments. Roberts also advised Eisenhower on taxaspects of publishing his memoirs, which proved to be financially lucrative.

　　World War II

　　After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff inWashington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plansto defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses underthe Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief ofthe War Plans Division. Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of OperationsDivision under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promotedaccordingly.

　　In 1942, Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, European Theater of Operations(ETOUSA) and was based in London. In November, he was also appointed Supreme CommanderAllied (Expeditionary) Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through thenew operational Headquarters A(E)FHQ. The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after hisappointment for security reasons. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander ofAFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British 8th Army, commanded by GeneralBernard Law Montgomery. The 8th Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the eastand was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gaveup command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of Axis forces inNorth Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the invasion of Sicily and the invasion of the Italian mainland.

　　In December 1943, Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower—not Marshall—would be Supreme AlliedCommander in Europe. In January 1944, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the followingmonth was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force(SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. In these positionshe was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of western Europe and the invasionof Germany. A month after the Normandy D-Day landings on June 6, 1944, the invasion ofsouthern France took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasionpassed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. From then until the end of the War in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces2, andthrough his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U.S. forces, on the WesternFront north of the Alps.

　　As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he waspromoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies.In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents forleadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He dealt skillfully with difficult subordinates such as Patton, and allies such asWinston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He hadfundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but theserarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with Soviet Marshal Zhukov,[28] and suchwas the confidence that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in him, he sometimes worked directlywith Stalin, much to the chagrin of the British High Command who disliked being bypassed.

　　It was never certain that Operation Overlord would succeed. The seriousness surrounding theentire decision, including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion, might besummarized by a second shorter speech that Eisenhower wrote in advance, in case he needed it.Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the BBC broadcast of Eisenhower's brief speechconcerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an aide. It read:

　　Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I havewithdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the bestinformation available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to dutycould do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.

　　Presidency 1953–1961

　　Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower preached a doctrine of dynamic conservatism. Hecontinued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. Heexpanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health,Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. His cabinet,consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber."

　　Eisenhower won his second term in 1956 with 457 of 531 votes in the Electoral College, and57.6% of the popular vote.

　　Post-presidency

　　Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, aworking farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In 1967, the Eisenhowersdonated the farm to the National Park Service and since 1980 it has been open to the public as theEisenhower National Historic Site. In retirement, he did not completely retreat from political life; hespoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in aRepublican campaign commercial from Gettysburg.

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