专八人文知识需知的美国名人--乔治.卡特莱特.马歇尔

专八人文知识需知的美国名人--乔治.卡特莱特.马歇尔

　　英语专八人文知识涵盖的知识面较广，考生们需要平时多积累小常识，这样在专八考试中才能游刃有余，新东方在线整理了专八人文知识需知的美国名人系列知识点供考生们参考。

　　乔治·卡特莱特·马歇尔(George Catlett Marshall，1880.12.31～1959.10.16)，美国军事家、政治家、外交家，陆军五星上将。他于1901年毕业于弗吉尼亚军校，参加过第一次世界大战。1924年夏到1927年春末，在美军驻天津第15步兵团任主任参谋，学习了汉语。1939年任美国陆军参谋长，在第二次世界大战中，他帮助富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福出谋划策，坚持先攻纳粹德国再攻日本帝国，为美国在二战的胜利作了不可磨灭的贡献。1945年退役。后出任美国国务卿和国防部长，以出台马歇尔计划闻名，1953年获诺贝尔和平奖。

　　As a general, he organized the American effort in World War II; as a statesman, herebuilt Western Europe.

　　作为军人，他组织了美国军队在二战中的运作。作为政治家，他重建了西欧。

　　General of the Army George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was anAmerican military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary ofDefense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of theAllied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the U.S. Army Chief of Staff during the war and asthe chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State his name wasgiven to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.

　　Early life

　　George C. Marshall was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son ofGeorge C. Marshall, Sr. and Laura Bradford Marshall. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, aswell as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall graduated from the VirginiaMilitary Institute (VMI),where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901.

　　World War I

　　Following graduation from VMI, Marshall was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army.Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines, and was trainedin modern warfare. During the war, he had roles as a planner of both training and operations. Hewent to France in mid-1917 as the director of training and planning for the 1st Infantry Division. Inmid-1918, he was promoted to American Expeditionary Forces headquarters, where he workedclosely with his mentor General John J. Pershing and was a key planner of American operations. Hewas instrumental in the design and coordination of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, whichcontributed to the defeat of the German Army on the Western Front.

　　Between World War I and II

　　In 1919, he became an aide-de-camp to General John J. Pershing. Between 1920 and 1924, whilePershing was Army Chief of Staff, Marshall worked in a number of positions in the US Army,focusing on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare. Between World Wars I and II, hewas a key planner and writer in the War Department, spent three years in China, and taught at theArmy War College. From June 1932 to June 1933 he was the Commanding Officer at FortScreven, Savannah Beach, Georgia, now named Tybee Island. In 1934, Col. Marshall put Edwin F.Harding in charge of the Infantry School's publications, and Harding became editor:41 of Infantryin Battle, a book that codified the lessons of World War I. Infantry in Battle is still used as anofficer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course, and was the training manual for most ofthe infantry officers and leaders of World War II.

　　Marshall was promoted to Brigadier General in October 1936. He commanded the VancouverBarracks in Vancouver, Washington from 1936-1938. Nominated by President Franklin Rooseveltto be Army Chief of Staff, Marshall was promoted to full General and sworn in on September 1, 1939, the day German forces invaded Poland, which began World War II. He would hold this postuntil the end of the war in 1945.

　　World War II

　　As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in U.S. history, inheriting anoutmoded, poorly-equipped army of 189,000 men and, partly drawing from his experienceteaching and developing techniques of modern warfare as an instructor at the Army War College,coordinated the large-scale expansion and modernization of the U. S. Army. Though he had neveractually led troops in combat, Marshall was a skilled organizer with a talent for inspiring otherofficers. Many of the American generals who were given top commands during the war were eitherpicked or recommended by Marshall, including Dwight Eisenhower, Lloyd Fredendall, Leslie McNair,Mark Wayne Clark and Omar Bradley

　　Grows military force forty fold

　　Faced with the necessity of turning an army of former civilians into a force of over eight millionsoldiers by 1942 (a fortyfold increase within three years), Marshall directed General Leslie McNair tofocus efforts on rapidly producing large numbers of soldiers. With the exception of airborne forces,Marshall approved McNair's concept of an abbreviated training schedule for men entering Armyland forces training, particularly in regards to basic infantry skills, weapons proficiency, and combattactics.At the time, most U.S. commanders at lower levels had little or no combat experience ofany kind; without the input of experienced British or Allied combat officers on the nature ofmodern warfare and enemy tactics, many of them resorted to formulaic training methodsemphasizing static defense and orderly large-scale advances by motorized convoys over improvedroads. In consequence, Army forces deploying to Africa suffered serious initial reverses whenencountering German armored combat units in Africa at Kasserine Pass and other major battles.Even as late as 1944, U.S. soldiers undergoing stateside training in preparation for deploymentagainst German forces in Europe were not being trained in combat procedures and tacticscurrently being employed there.

　　Replacement system criticized

　　Originally, Marshall had planned a 200-division Army with a system of unit rotation such aspracticed by the British and other Allies. By mid-1943, however, after pressure from governmentand business leaders to preserve manpower for industry and agriculture, he had abandoned thisplan in favor of a 90-division Army using individual replacements sent via a circuitous process fromtraining to divisions in combat. The individual replacement system (IRS) devised by Marshall andimplemented by McNair greatly exacerbated problems with unit cohesion and effective transfer ofcombat experience to newly-trained soldiers and officers. In Europe, where there were few pausesin combat with German forces, the individual replacement system had broken down completely bylate 1944. Hastily-trained replacements or service personnel re-assigned as infantry were given sixweeks' refresher training and thrown into battle with Army divisions locked in front-line combat.

　　The new men were often not even proficient in the use of their own rifle or weapons system, andonce in combat, could not receive enough practical instruction from veterans before being killed orwounded, usually within the first three or four days. Under such conditions, many replacementssuffered a crippling loss of morale, while veteran soldiers were kept in line units until they were killed,wounded, or incapacitated by battle fatigue or physical illness. Incidents of soldiers AWOL fromcombat duty as well as battle fatigue and self-inflicted injury rose rapidly during the last eightmonths of the war with Germany.As one historian later concluded, "Had the Germans been given afree hand to devise a replacement system ..., one that would do the Americans the most harm andthe least good, they could not have done a better job."

　　Marshall's abilities to pick competent field commanders during the early part of the war wasdecidedly mixed. While he had been instrumental in advancing the career of the able Dwight D.Eisenhower, he had also recommended the swaggering Lloyd Fredendall to Eisenhower for a majorcommand in the American invasion of North Africa during Operation Torch. Marshall was especiallyfond of Fredendall, describing him as "one of the best" and remarking in a staff meeting when hisname was mentioned, "I like that man; you can see determination all over his face." Eisenhowerduly picked him to command the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of three) inOperation Torch. Both men would later come to regret that decision after the U.S. Army debacle atKasserine Pass.

　　Legacy

　　Marshall died on Friday October 16, 1959. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.After leavingoffice, in a television interview, Harry Truman was asked who he thought was the American whomade the greatest contribution of the last thirty years. Without hesitation, Truman picked Marshall,adding "I don't think in this age in which I have lived, that there has been a man who has been agreater administrator; a man with a knowledge of military affairs equal to General Marshall." In spiteof world-wide acclaim, dozens of national and international awards and honors and the Nobel Peaceprize, public opinion became bitterly divided along party lines on Marshall's record. Whilecampaigning for president in 1952, Eisenhower denounced the Truman administration's failures inKorea, campaigned alongside McCarthy, and refused to defend Marshall's policies. Marshall, whoassisted Eisenhower in his promotions, and stood aside, turning down the opportunity tocommand the allied forces to allow Eisenhower to take that role, was surprised at the lack of apositive statement supporting him from Eisenhower during the McCarthy hearings.

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