2016专八听力超全备考攻略

　　IV 笔记清晰

　　如何做到笔记的层次清晰明了?首先要将笔记的内容以纵横两个方向理清。纵向排列的是讲座的要点，横向排列的是要点之下细节的内容。然后，捕捉每一个层次上的信号词，如连接词、过渡词，将其要 点罗列，层次梳理清楚。最后，捕捉实词和关键词，充实每个要点上的细节内容。下面的黑体字部分是2010年讲座的笔记。

　　Good morning everyone, today, we’ll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language etc. In this lecture we’ll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder, what is this important aspect of language? Let me tell you, it refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar or vocabulary. They are called paralinguistic features of language. Its features fall into two broad categories, those that involve the voice and those that involve the body.

　　Now the fi rst category is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are perhaps not central to meaning and communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may nevertheless convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The fi rst is whispering which indicates the need for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness which is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality this, um, is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip rounding which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering

　　our tone of voice and when we do this consciously we do it to create different effects in communication.

　　Paral feas: voice—body

　　1. vocal paral fea (tone of voice)

　　—conv att or int

　　—e.g. 1) whis: secr

　　2) brea: deep em

　　3) huski: unimp

　　4) nasa: anx

　　5) lip round: inti

　　Now, let’s come to the second category, physical paralinguistic features, which involves the body. In addition to conveying meaning with tone of voice we can also express our intention through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask, what are the ways then

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