2017年英语专八听力原文

　　In fact, it is more accurate to view the two modes as having different but complementary roles.

　　其实，比较恰当的看法是，这两种模式作用不同却互为补充。

　　For instance, in most legal systems, while an oral contract is legally binding, a written contract is preferred.

　　比如，在很多法律体系中，虽然口头约定是有法律约束力的，但是人们还是倾向才用书面约定。

　　The reason is simple—unlike speech, writing provides a permanent record of the contract.

　　原因很简单。“写”下来的文件可以作为约定的永久备案，“说”的就不行。

　　Thus, if the terms of the contract are disputed, the written record of the contract can be consulted and interpreted.

　　所以，如果约定条款有争议，双方可以查阅书面约定，重新解读。

　　Disputes over an oral contract will involve one person's recollection of the contract versus another person's.

　　口头约定如果有争议，双方会各自回忆约定内容，才能对质。

　　While writing may be the preferred mode for a contract, in many other contexts, speech will be more appropriate.

　　拟定协议时人们倾向“写”的形式，而在许多情况下，“说”比较合适。

　　Because the most common type of speech—face-to-face conversation—is highly interactive.

　　因为面对面交谈这一说话最常见的形式，具有极强的交互性。

　　This mode is well-suited to many social contexts, such as casual conversations over lunch, business transactions in a grocery store, discussions between students and teachers in a classroom.

　　这个模式适用的社会情境有很多，比如午餐时的闲聊，零售店里的商业交易，课堂上的师生讨论。

　　And in these contexts, interactive dialogues have many advantages over writing.

　　在这些情境中，互动式对话对比书写的优势便显现出来。

　　For instance, individuals engaged in conversation can ask for immediate clarification if there is a question about something said;

　　比如，谈话中如果说过的内容出现问题，谈话者可以立即给出明确解释。

　　in a letter to a friend, in contrast, such immediacy is lacking.

　　而在写给朋友的信中，解释就没有这么及时了。

　　When speaking to one another, speakers are face to face and can therefore see how individuals react to what is said.

　　谈话时，说话者面对面，也就可以看到对方对所谈内容的反应。

　　On the other hand, writing creates distance between writer and reader, preventing the writer from getting any immediate reaction from the reader.

　　而书写拉开了书写者和读者的距离，书写者没办法得知读者看到书写内容时的直接反应。

　　Speech is oral, thus making it possible to use intonation to emphasize words or phrased and express emotion.

　　说话都是口头的，因此可以借助语调强调重点词语，表达感情。

　　Of course, one might say that writing has punctuation.

　　当然，也有人会说，书写还有标点符号呢。

　　Well, it can express only a small proportion of the features that intonation has.

　　对，标点符号只能表现语调能表现出的一小部分信息。

　　Because speech is created "on-line," it is produced quickly and easily.

　　因为说话都是“在线的”，方便快捷。

　　This may result in many "ungrammatical" constructions, but rarely do these rough sentences cause miscommunications.

　　这可能就出现了很多语法错误，但是这样不讲究的句子很少引起误解。

　　You know, if there is a misunderstanding, it can be easily corrected.

　　因为如果发生误解，谈话者可以立即改正。

　　On the contrary, writing is much more deliberate.

　　相反，书写需要深思熟虑。

　　It require planning, editing and thus taking much more time to produce on the part of the writer.

　　书写需要书写者打草稿，修改，然后再完整地写出来。

　　Because of all these characteristics of writing, if an individual desires a casual, intimate encounter with a friend, he or she is more likely to meet personally than write a letter.

　　以上都是书写的特征。因此人们想跟朋友亲密又自在地交流时，一般都是去见一面，而不是写信。

　　In this case, writing a letter to a friend might turn out to be too formal.

　　在这种情况下，给朋友写信显得太正式了。

　　Of course, in today's world, the highly-developed technology has made such encounters possible with "instant messaging" over a computer or a smart phone.

　　当然，在当今世界，技术高度发达，电脑或者手机上的一条即时信息，就可以实现这样的交流。

　　And if someone wishes to have such an encounter with a friend living many miles away, then this kind of on-line written "chat" can mimic a face-to-face conversation.

　　如果想要和千里之外的朋友亲密自在地交谈，这种在线书写版的“闲聊”可以暂时代替面对面交谈。

　　But because such conversations are a hybrid of speech and writing, they still lack the intimacy and immediacy of a face-to-face conversation.

　　不过，因为这样的谈话是说话与书写的混合体，跟面对面交谈比起来，通常没有那么亲密，也没有那么即时。

　　While speech and writing are often viewed as discrete modes, it is important for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing.

　　“说”和“写”通常被看作两个各自独立的模式，但是，要注意，“说”和“写”之间也存在着连续统一体。

　　While speech is in general more interactive than writing, various kinds of spoken and written English display various degrees of interactivity.

　　“说”一般比“写”更具交互性，而不同种类的书面英语和英语口语也表现出了不同程度的交互性。

　　For instance, various linguistic markers of interactive discourse, such as first and second person pronouns, contractions, and private verbs such as think and feel, occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversations but less frequently in spontaneous speeches, interviews, and broadcasts.

　　比如，许多交际话语的语言学标记，如第一、二人称代词，缩写词，以及“认为”、“感觉”之类的私动词，都经常出现在电话交谈和面对面交谈中，在即兴演讲、采访和广播中出现频率较低。

　　In addition, some kinds of writing, such as academic prose and official documents, exhibited few markers of interactive discourse, but the other kinds of written texts, particularly personal letters, ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts.

　　另外，许多种书面形式，比如学术文章和官方文件，都极少出现交际话语的标记，但是其他种类的书面文本，尤其是私人信件，比许多口语语篇的交互性都要强。

　　In other words, how language is structured depends less on whether it is spoken or written but more on how it is being used.

　　换句话说，语言的组织形式，与采用“说”还是“写”的模式关系较小，与实际用途关系比较大。

　　For example, a personal letter, even though it is written, will contain linguistic features marking interactivity because the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter.

　　比如，私人信件虽然是书面的，也具有许多带有交互性的语言学特征。因为写信者希望和收信人产生互动。

　　On the other hand, in an interview, the goal is not to interact necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed.

　　而采访，目的不是交流，而是获取被采访人的信息。

　　Therefore, though interviews are spoken, they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain more features typically associated with written texts.

　　因此，虽然采访采用了“说”的模式，却没有那么多交互性标记，而是包含了许多书面文本的常见特征。

　　OK, to sum up, we have been dealing with the modes of language in today's lecture.

　　好了，总结一下，我们今天讲了语言的模式。

　　The two most frequently used modes are speech and writing.

　　两种最常用的模式就是口语和书面语。

　　As two different modes of language, speech and writing have their own characteristics.

　　这两种语言模式各有特点。

　　Speech is a preferred mode in many social contacts where interactivity is needed.

　　要求交互性的社会交往中，往往采用口语的形式。

　　Of course, when a formal stable record is preferred, writing should be an appropriate mode.

　　当然，如果需要形成正式且持久的记录，书面形式则比较合适。

　　Finally, I have also emphasized that there is a continuum between speech and writing.

　　最后，我还要强调，口语和书面语中间存在着连续统一体。

　　In the following lecture, we will concentrate on the linguistic structures of language.

　　下次上课，我们要讲到语言的语言学结构。

　　Thank you!

　　谢谢大家!

专四专八精选好课 暖心助学

新东方好老师 手把手带学