2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本（六）

2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本（六）

　　2019专八考试临近，寒假期间专八考生们也别松懈了对专八听力的训练，新东方在线专八频道整理了2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本，希望大家认真复习。

2019英语专八听力mini lecture全真模拟训练MP3附文本汇总

　　[00:10.12]TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS--GRADE EIGHT

　　[00:13.51]Section A MINI-LECTURE

　　[00:16.97]In this section you will hear a mini-lecture.

　　[00:20.29]You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.

　　[00:23.73]While listening to the mini-lecture,

　　[00:25.82]please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE

　　[00:30.29]and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.

　　[00:34.70]Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically

　　[00:39.23]and semantically acceptable.

　　[00:41.85]You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.

　　[00:45.67]You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.

　　[01:19.89]Now, listen to the mini-lecture.

　　[01:22.30]When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes

　　[01:25.05]to check your work.

　　[01:26.93]Cultural Characteristics & Websites

　　[01:30.98]Good morning everyone.

　　[01:32.35]Today, we are going to discuss the cultural characteristics

　　[01:35.88]affecting the way people see your websites.

　　[01:39.50]We all understand that the cultural aspects of a website's audience

　　[01:43.67]will, or should, drastically affect the design of the website.

　　[01:49.09]This is according to most researchers in culture and communication,

　　[01:53.07]as well as plain old common sense.

　　[01:56.06]After all, culture influences just about every aspect of our lives,

　　[02:01.72]like what we eat, how we dress, or how we talk,

　　[02:06.73]so it makes perfect sense that it would affect the websites we look at and,

　　[02:11.83]most importantly, how we look at them.

　　[02:15.29]The following cultural variables are drawn from

　　[02:18.22]the work of Geert Hofstede, and Edward Hall

　　[02:22.38]and are specifically defined in the ways they affect website design.

　　[02:27.73]First of all, high and low context cultures.

　　[02:32.35]When we depend on factors other than language to communicate,

　　[02:36.58]such as who is speaking, where they are speaking,

　　[02:40.56]or how they are dressed when they are speaking,

　　[02:43.42]we call that high-context communication, because we rely highly on the context

　　[02:49.71]in which the communication takes place.

　　[02:52.63]Conversely, when we only use the language spoken or written,

　　[02:56.92]as in a courtroom or as found in a contract,

　　[03:00.41]we call that low-context communication,

　　[03:03.83]because little in the context of the situation helps us communicate.

　　[03:08.75]Cultures predominately high-context

　　[03:11.80]are typically Asian, Indian and Middle Eastern Cultures.

　　[03:16.65]Low-Context cultures are typically those in Western Europe and the US.

　　[03:22.56]Other cultural regions will fall somewhere along the middle of the spectrum.

　　[03:28.54]Websites designed for high-context cultures often include a number of images,

　　[03:34.39]especially images associated with the ideas communicated on the website.

　　[03:39.36]What you'll usually find is that these images are culturally unique,

　　[03:44.17]meaning that they're really only understood by people within that culture.

　　[03:49.35]To Westerners, high-context websites look "busy" and "unorganised"

　　[03:55.09]but all of those icons, images, flashing banners and such

　　[03:59.77]add to the communication of someone from a high-context culture.

　　[04:04.75]For example, look at the Coca Cola website made for China or Japan,

　　[04:09.79]and compare it to the site made for the US or Germany,

　　[04:14.07]which are low-context

　　[04:15.62]and contain very explicit explanations of icons, images and meanings.

　　[04:21.72]Often, US websites will allow the user to quickly find information

　　[04:27.15]and "get down to business" without the "distractions" of "busy" images and such.

　　[04:33.31]Secondly, high and low power distance.

　　[04:37.54]Cultures will approach power differently.

　　[04:40.22]In some cultures it's normal for people in a powerful position

　　[04:44.20]to be given special favors at the grocery store, around town, or on the street.

　　[04:50.36]This would be considered normal.

　　[04:52.85]Even in lieu of receiving special physical goods, those in powerful positions

　　[04:58.39]would at least be highly respected and afforded that respect in a number of ways,

　　[05:04.07]through bowing, by addressing the person by their station, etc.

　　[05:09.00]A professor in Russia, for example,

　　[05:11.55]would be treated as someone with much power and esteem both on and off campus.

　　[05:17.97]In the US, meanwhile, I'm lucky if my students stay awake through a lecture,

　　[05:23.57]and they never pay attention to me when I see them in the grocery store.

　　[05:28.12]Russia is considered high-power distance while the US is low-power distance.

　　[05:34.79]Websites designed for cultures expressing high-power distance

　　[05:38.77]will typically feature images and icons representing power:

　　[05:43.07]large buildings, finance, crests or shields, men in suits, etc.

　　[05:49.94]Conversely, designing for cultures with a lower-power distance

　　[05:53.99]will require expressions that feature a more democratic, everyone-is-equal message.

　　[06:00.33]Images would include people all at the same level wearing clothing

　　[06:05.97]that doesn't distinguish one as having more power than others.

　　[06:10.26]Men and women would both be featured, as would less business and structure

　　[06:15.94]and more images of family and expressions of equality.

　　[06:20.79]Finally, masculine and feminine cultures.

　　[06:24.34]When thinking about the extent

　　[06:26.08]to which a culture may be said to be more masculine or feminine

　　[06:30.06]we have to remember that the cultural values are shared by both sexes.

　　[06:35.46]More masculine cultures tend to emphasize

　　[06:38.13]competitiveness, assertiveness, and ambition,

　　[06:41.93]and value wealth and material possessions.

　　[06:45.04]On the other hand, more feminine cultures see relationships and the quality of life

　　[06:50.28]as more important.

　　[06:52.02]Not surprisingly, masculine cultures have a more rigid view of male and female roles,

　　[06:58.81]whereas feminine cultures see men and women

　　[07:01.73]as able to be very flexible in the roles they play.

　　[07:05.96]Japan is shown by Hofstede to be the most masculine culture (rating 95 on the scale)

　　[07:12.87]and Sweden the most feminine (rating 5).

　　[07:16.62]If you are working in a culture that is more masculine than your own,

　　[07:20.60]you may find you are expected to put work goals before personal ones.

　　[07:25.14]Thus working overtime, allowing work to encroach into personal time,

　　[07:30.45]and not developing personal relationships may be normal.

　　[07:34.87]You may have the sense that people live to work.

　　[07:38.54]If you are working in a more feminine culture,

　　[07:41.09]then relationships, avoidance of conflict and concern for the welfare of others

　　[07:46.44]will be more noticeable.

　　[07:48.56]People work to live and probably have a better understanding of the need

　　[07:53.55]for a work/life balance.

　　[07:57.29]Websites designed for cultures more predominantly feminine

　　[08:01.08]would display men and women—actually most everybody—as equals,

　　[08:07.06]and would include images of nature

　　[08:09.17]and would use colors associated with nature, greens, browns, etc.

　　[08:14.97]Websites reflecting their predominantly feminine culture

　　[08:18.27]can be found from France and Scandinavian countries.

　　[08:22.32]Opposed to these qualities are examples of a masculine culture,

　　[08:26.61]exemplified in images of power—such as men in business suits—

　　[08:31.29]or images associated with wealth or winning.

　　[08:34.90]Colors would focus on cool blues, silvers, grays, reds and blacks.

　　[08:41.25]Websites found in Mexico often display these types of expressions.

　　[08:47.26]OK. I have covered three variables of cultures

　　[08:51.12]and how they influence the design of websites.

　　[08:54.42]Let us remember that culture is one of the most critical characteristics

　　[08:58.90]that determine how an audience views a website.

　　[09:02.75]So understanding how to take into account important cultural characteristics

　　[09:07.48]is essential to effective design.

　　[09:11.34]Now you have THREE minutes to check your work.

　　[12:15.97]This is the end of Section A MINI-LECTURE.

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