2019英语专八模拟试卷及答案（十）

2019英语专八模拟试卷答案

　　PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]共25分每小题1分

　　SECTION A MINI-LECTURE 15分

听力原文

　　[00:10.12]TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS--GRADE EIGHT

　　[00:13.51]Section A MINI-LECTURE

　　[00:16.97]In this section you will hear a mini-lecture.

　　[00:20.29]You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.

　　[00:23.73]While listening to the mini-lecture,

　　[00:25.82]please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE

　　[00:30.29]and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.

　　[00:34.70]Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically

　　[00:39.23]and semantically acceptable.

　　[00:41.85]You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.

　　[00:45.67]You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.

　　[01:19.89]Now, listen to the mini-lecture.

　　[01:22.30]When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes

　　[01:25.05]to check your work.

　　[01:27.35]Culture As a Barrier to Communication

　　[01:31.02]Good morning, everyone.

　　[01:32.89]In this lecture, I am going to lead you to the discussion of

　　[01:37.12]cultural barriers and their solutions.

　　[01:40.42]I am sure that each of us is exposed to people from other cultures on a regular basis,

　　[01:46.61]in the workplace, in our social activities, at school, or even within our families.

　　[01:53.52]Our culture hinders us from getting our message across

　　[01:57.83]as well as receiving the full message that others want to convey to us.

　　[02:03.63]This talk expounds on three aspects: what culture is,

　　[02:08.67]the main causes for cross-cultural misunderstandings,

　　[02:12.67]and the attitudes and skills that we need to communicate cross-culturally.

　　[02:18.47]First of all, let's talk about what culture is.

　　[02:22.78]When we think about culture we first think about a country,

　　[02:26.76]and particularly about its food, art, customs, and patterns of behavior.

　　[02:33.36]These are the outward manifestations of

　　[02:36.10]a system of values, assumptions, and deeply rooted beliefs.

　　[02:41.26]Culture emerges as a group of people meet and then react to the challenges of life.

　　[02:47.67]The responses to those challenges that are successful

　　[02:51.23]are taught and shared among members of the group

　　[02:54.40]and are passed on from the older to the younger members.

　　[02:58.57]Culture is then learned through experience.

　　[03:02.43]You can think of culture as having three levels:

　　[03:06.00]first, the top level is the outward manifestations, the artifacts:

　　[03:11.53]visible behavior, art, clothing and so on;

　　[03:15.70]second, in the middle level are the values.

　　[03:19.44]These are invisible rules that cause the artifacts;

　　[03:23.67]thirdly, the most powerful dimension of culture is the implicit cultural assumptions.

　　[03:30.70]These assumptions lie so deep that they are never questioned, stated or defended.

　　[03:37.98]Culture also exists among Americans,

　　[03:41.03]but what are the implicit cultural assumptions of Americans?

　　[03:45.63]Some of the most distinctive characteristics of the American culture are:

　　[03:51.00]individualism, equality, competition, personal control of the environment,

　　[03:57.78]self-help concept, action orientation, informality, directness,

　　[04:04.56]practicality, materialism, and problem-solving orientation.

　　[04:11.82]These American values and deeply rooted beliefs

　　[04:15.56]are very different from other country's values and beliefs.

　　[04:20.47]The implicit cultural assumptions of Americans

　　[04:23.65]are often opposed to those of other cultures.

　　[04:27.50]When individuals from different cultures run into each other's values and beliefs,

　　[04:33.99]cross-cultural misunderstandings take place.

　　[04:37.91]Now, let's talk about the main causes for cross-cultural misunderstandings.

　　[04:43.96]People constantly interact with people

　　[04:47.01]who have similar views and who reinforce their beliefs.

　　[04:51.99]To be able to distinguish between the in-group and the out-group

　　[04:56.80]is of central importance for individuals

　　[05:00.16]because it allows them to find who they are and who they are not.

　　[05:05.44]In the book entitled Cross Cultural Encounters, Brislim states:

　　[05:11.11]"If individuals have out-groups whom they can blame for troubles,

　　[05:15.98]the in-group is then solidified since there is a common goal around which to rally."

　　[05:22.82]Later on he says: "Individuals become accustomed to reacting

　　[05:27.86]in terms of in-group and out-group.

　　[05:31.10]They continue to use such distinctions

　　[05:33.65]when interacting with people from other cultures whom they do not know."

　　[05:39.31]This in-group/out-group distinction provides us with the basis for ethnocentrism,

　　[05:45.78]which is the tendency to interpret and to judge

　　[05:49.34]all other groups, their environment, and their communication

　　[05:53.95]according to the categories and values of our own culture.

　　[05:58.93]We are guilty of ethnocentrism when we hold

　　[06:02.47]that our view of the world is the right one, the correct one, and the only one.

　　[06:08.59]We are all familiar with stereotyping,

　　[06:11.26]which is one of the most serious problems in intercultural communication.

　　[06:16.43]Our tendency to hold beliefs about groups of individuals

　　[06:20.54]based on previously formed opinions, perceptions, and attitudes

　　[06:25.53]is often a defense mechanism, a way of reducing anxiety.

　　[06:31.77]There are many other causes of cross-cultural misunderstanding:

　　[06:36.00]lack of trust, lack of empathy, and the misuse of power.

　　[06:41.22]All of us know what they are about and the turmoil that they cause.

　　[06:45.83]But, how can we do a better job at communicating among cultures?

　　[06:51.18]This is actually the last part of my talk.

　　[06:54.66]The same skills that we need to communicate in general

　　[06:58.52]apply to cross-cultural communication.

　　[07:01.76]Let's look at some of those skills:

　　[07:04.75]1. Know yourself: Identify your attitudes, your opinions,

　　[07:10.91]and the biases that we all carry around.

　　[07:14.33]Identify your likes, your dislikes, your prejudices,

　　[07:18.62]and your degree of personal ethnocentrism.

　　[07:22.43]2. Take time: Listen to the other person

　　[07:27.60]and allow him or her to accomplish their purpose. Don't jump to conclusions.

　　[07:34.19]Sometimes we finish the thoughts and ideas of the other person

　　[07:38.55]before he or she has finished talking.

　　[07:42.10]In some cultures, non-verbal styles call for periods of silence and long pauses.

　　[07:49.31]3. Encourage feedback: Feedback allows communicators

　　[07:55.32]to correct and adjust messages. Without feedback we cannot have agreement.

　　[08:02.35]First we must create an atmosphere where others are encouraged to give us feedback.

　　[08:09.26]Again, don't be afraid of silence. It could be the appropriate feedback at times.

　　[08:16.67]4. Develop empathy: The greater the difference between us and others,

　　[08:22.89]the harder it is to empathize.

　　[08:25.56]To develop empathy we must put ourselves in the other person's place.

　　[08:31.16]By becoming more sensitive to the needs, values, and goals of the other person,

　　[08:37.39]we overcome our ethnocentric tendencies.

　　[08:41.74]5. Seek the commonalities among diverse cultures:

　　[08:47.09]Despite our cultural differences we are all alike in many ways.

　　[08:52.76]We need to seek that common ground

　　[08:55.49]to establish a bond between ourselves and the rest of humanity.

　　[09:00.66]All right. I think I have covered the three main parts of my talk.

　　[09:06.20]Finally, I would like to reiterate

　　[09:09.06]that although our own ethnocentrism might have hindered us

　　[09:13.54]from getting to know people from other cultures,

　　[09:16.84]let us be more than ever committed to helping ourselves and others

　　[09:21.82]overcome the barrier that culture creates.

　　[09:25.36]Let us endeavor to minimize the occurrences of cross-cultural misunderstandings

　　[09:31.21]as we develop the attitudes and the skills

　　[09:34.70]that are needed to communicate cross-culturally.

　　[09:41.44]Now you have THREE minutes to check your work.

　　[12:45.88]This is the end of Section A MINI-LECTURE.

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