2020专四语法指导：虚拟语气

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　　概述：

　　虚拟语气类型：

　　宾语从句

　　状语从句

　　名词性从句(主语从句，同位语从句， 表语从句)

　　定语从句

　　特殊类型 (感叹句)

　　省略if 的虚拟法 (倒装)

　　Examples

　　The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.

　　I would rather that you did nothing for the time being.

　　I wish that I were a student again.

　　I wished that I had followed his suggestion.

　　名词性从句中的虚拟：

　　主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that)

　　同位语从句(The +n. that )

　　表语从句(n. +be that)

　　省略if 的虚拟法 (倒装)(1)

　　虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词(系动词)或情态动词。

　　Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting.

　　=Should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.

　　省略if 的虚拟法 (倒装)(2)

　　Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.

　　=Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.

　　If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions.

　　=Had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions.

　　详解：

　　虚拟语气的动词标志

　　"insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend, command, order"等动词表"建议、愿望"时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should +V

　　wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

　　虚拟语气的名词标志

　　1 “necessity”或“suggestion”等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

　　2 名词word 表“命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气 (should)+V。

　　3 wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。

　　虚拟语气的形容词标志

　　It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用should + V 表示虚拟。

　　虚拟的介词标志

　　But for相当于if it had not been for。

　　But for her help, I would have lost my way.

　　Without, in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。

　　Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth?

　　In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.

　　Under…condition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。

　　Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.

　　错综时间的虚拟

　　条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不“配套”，即错综时间的虚拟。

　　If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldn't be regretful now.

　　If they hadn't found us then, we would still be missing on the sea.

　　If I hadn't made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldn't be in college now.

　　虚拟和事实

　　(前虚拟后事实)标志: but

　　Eg. I would have gone to the party with you, but I was too busy.

　　= If I hadn't been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.

　　(前事实后虚拟)标志: otherwise

　　Eg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you.

　　More Information

　　was (were) +to have done (不定式完成式)表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but…(陈述语气)。

　　Eg. I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.

　　had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would+V。

　　Eg. I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money.

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