2022英语专业四级模拟题（2）

　　PART Ⅴ READING COMPREHENSION (25 MIN)

　　82、根据以下资料，82-101回答题：

　　Like land, labor is means of production.In nonindustrial societies, access to both land and labor comesthrough social links such as kinship, marriage, and descent.Mutual aid in production is merely one aspect ofongoing social relationships that are expressed on many other occasions.

　　Nonindustrial societies contrast with industrial nations in regard to another means of production--technology.In bands and tribes manufacturing is often linked to age and gender.Women may weave and men make potteryor vice versa.Most people of a particular age and gender share the technical knowledge associated with that ageand gender.If married women customarily make baskets, most married women know how to make baskets.Neithertechnology nor technical knowledge is as specialized as it is in states.

　　However, some tribal societies do promote specialization.Among the Yanomani of Benezuela and Brazil, forinstance, certain villages manufacture clay pots and others make hammocks.They don't specialize, as one mightsuppose, because certain raw materials happen to be available near particular village.Clay suitable for pots iswidely available.Everyone knows how to make pots, but not everybody do~s so.Craft specialization reflects thesocial and political environment rather than the natural environment.Such specialization promotes wade, which isthe first step in creating an alliance with enemy villages.Specialization contributes to keeping the peace, althoughit has not prevented inter-village warfare.

　　Among the Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific, Malinowski found that only two out of several villagesmanufactured certain ceremonial items that were important in a regional exchange network called the kula ring.Asamong the Yanomani, this specialization was unrelated to the location of raw materials.We don't know why thisspecialization began, but we do know that it persisted within the kula ring, which allied several communities andisland in a common trade network.

　　In nonindustrial societies, how do people obtain the means of production?

　　A.By land and labor.

　　B.Through social links.

　　C.By mutual aid.

　　D.By many other occasions.

　　83、 What does the sentence "manufacturing is often linked to age and gender" (Line 2, Para.2) mean?

　　A.People of all ages and both genders have to do manufacturing work.

　　B.People of all ages and both genders have to do the same work.

　　C.People of different ages and genders are assigned different jobs.

　　D.People of a particular age and gender are not specialized in the technical knowledge of other groups.

　　84、 In regard to technology, how do nonindustrial societies differ from industrial societies?

　　A.In nonindustral societies, there is not any kind of specialization of technology.

　　B.In nonindustrial societies, technology is not as specialized as it is in industrial society.

　　C.In industrial societies, women do different jobs before and after marriage.

　　D.In industrial societies, people are more easily adapted to certain technical field.

　　85、 The reason why some nonindustrial societies promote specialization is that __

　　A.certain raw materials are available

　　B.everyone can do eraftwork

　　C.it boosts trade among villages

　　D.it prevents intervillage conflicts

　　86、 The author compared Trobriand Islanders and the Yanomani to imply that __

　　A.they were in a regional exchange network called the kula ring

　　B.they were both manufacturing handcrafts

　　C.they were located where raw materials were available

　　D.their specialization had much to do with social and political environment

　　87、根据以下资料，87-106回答题：

　　Every year, 2,000 American lives are saved by the selflessness of others.These are the bone marrow donorswho give the gift of life to patients fighting deadly diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia.That's the good news.The bad news is that thousands more die each year because not enough people have signedon to the registries that would help the ill find a suitable match for a transplant.

　　Bone marrow or stem-cell transplants are usually a last resort, intended for those whose illnesses have notresponded to traditional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation.How do they work? We all store a specialtype of cell in our bone marrow called stem cells.These primitive cells give rise to the three types of blood cells:red, white and platelets.Everyone's stem cells have certain genetic characteristics or markers that make themunique from others.Despite this uniqueness, there are Some shared characteristics between people.This isimportant, because a patient's immune system will reject blood or organs received from someone else if they do notshare sufficient similarities.

　　Family members, especially siblings, are always the first to be considered as donors, because there's a greaterchance that the genetic markers on their cells will have enough in common to prevent rejection aftertransplantation.In many cases, however, a familial match can't be found and then the search begins for anunrelated donor.These donors typically come from a pool of people who have already signed up on a donorregistry in the event that their cells match a needy recipient.

　　Once the lab has verified a match between donor and recipient, the next phase starts.The patient is givenradiation or chemotherapy to kill the unhealthy cells.Healthy cells are harvested from the donor-either extractedfrom the pelvic bones or taken from the ann in a way that is similar to having blood drawn--and prepared in alaboratory.Once they're ready, they're given to the patient through a vein--the same way as one would receive ablood wansfusion.Once these transplanted donor cells get settled within the patient's bone marrow, they make thehealthy red blood ceils, white blood cells and platelets necessary to support life.

　　One of the major problems currently faced by transplant centers is that while bone marrow transplants can curemore than 70 different diseases, there aren't enough donors on the registry to treat the more than 3,000 patientsawaiting transplants.The National Marrow Donor Program, the largest registry in the country, has approximately4.8 million adult volunteer donors, but that isn't nearly enough for the thousands who need transplants.

　　Why isn't a pool of more than 4 million donors isn't enough to cover 3,000 needy patients? Here's the reason:in the vast majority of cases, finding a suitable match isn't easy.Because we are unique individuals with a varietyof ancestral backgrounds and integration patterns, finding someone similar to us is a major task.In the end, itcomes down to a numbers game--the more potential donors listed on the registry, the greater a chance of finding amatch, especially for those with unusual genetic characteristics.

　　The shared genetic characteristic of stem cells is important in bone marrow transplant became __

　　A.the same primitive cells can produce the same type of blood cells

　　B.one's immune system will reject the blood or organ of different genetic markers

　　C.one's immune system will not function well when facing different stem cells

　　D.the uniqueness of genetic characteristics will destroy the patient's immune system

　　88、 Who are usually considered the best donors for bone marrow transplant?

　　A.Parents.

　　B.Brothers and sisters.

　　C.Registered donors.

　　D.Healthy donors.

　　89、 What should be done immediately after the matched donor has been found?

　　A.Unhealthy cells of the patient are killed through radiation or chemotherapy.

　　B.Healthy cells are extracted from the donor.

　　C.Extracted cells are prepared in the laboratory.

　　D.The donor's cells are transplanted to the patient.

　　90、 The healthy cells of donors will be transplanted to the patient through __

　　A.pelvic bones

　　B.arms

　　C.vein

　　D.artery

　　91、 The author cited the example of 4.8 million volunteer donors in America to justify __.

　　A.all the patients will be able to get transplant treatment

　　B.there are more patients who need transplant

　　C.it becomes much easier to find suitable donors for the patients

　　D.it is hard to find suitable match even with the large pool of donors

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