2004年英语专八真题听力原文

2004年英语专八真题听力原文

　　听力原文

　　PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION?

　　SECTION A TALK?

　　Language is used for doing things. People use it ineveryday conversation for transacting business,planning meals and vacations, debating politics, andgossiping. Teachers use it for instructing students,and comedians use it for amusing audiences. All these are instances of language use - that isactivities in which people do things with language. As we can see, language use is really a formof joint action. ?

　　What is joint action? I think it is an action that is carried out by a group of people doing thingsin coordination with each other. As simple examples, think of two people waltzing, or playing apiano duet. When two dancers waltz, they each move around the ballroom in a special way.But waltzing is different from the sum of their individual actions. Can you imagine these twodancers doing the same steps, but in separate rooms, or at separate times? So waltzing is, infact, the joint action that emerges as the two dancers do their individual steps incoordination, as a couple. ?

　　Similarly, doing things with language is also different from the sum of the speaker speaking andthe listener listening. It is the joint action that emerges when speakers and listeners, orwriters and readers, perform their individual actions in coordination, as ensembles. Therefore,we can say that language use incorporates both individual and social processes. Speakers andlisteners, writers and readers, must carry out actions as individuals, if they are to succeed intheir use of language. But they must also work together as participants in the social units Ihave called ensembles. In the example I mentioned just now, the two dancers perform bothindividual actions, moving their bodies, arms, and legs, and joint actions, coordinating thesemovements, as they create the waltz. In the past, language use has been studied as if it wereentirely an individual process. And it has also been studied as if it were entirely a social process.For me, I suggest that it belongs to both. We cannot hope to understand language usewithout viewing it as joint actions built on individual actions. In order to explain how all theseactions work, I'd like to review briefly settings of language use. By settings, I mean the scene inwhich language use takes place, plus the medium - which refers to whether language use isspoken or written. And in this talk, I'll focus on spoken settings. ?

　　The spoken setting mentioned most often is conversation - either face to face, or on thetelephone. Conversations may be devoted to gossip, business transactions or scientificmatters, but they're all characterized by the free exchange of terms among the twoparticipants. I'll call these personal settings. Then we have what I would call nonpersonalsettings. A typical example is the monologue. In monologues, one person speaks with little orno opportunity for interruption, or turns by members of the audience. Monologues come inmany varieties too, as a professor lectures to a class, or a student giving a presentation to aseminar. These people speak for themselves, uttering words they formulated themselves for theaudience before them, and the audience isn't expected to interrupt. In another kind of settingwhich are called institutional settings, the participants engage in speech exchanges that looklike ordinary conversation, but they are limited by institutional rules. As examples, we canthink of a government official holding a news conference, a lawyer cross?questioning awitness in court, or a professor directing a seminar discussion. In these settings, what is saidis more or less spontaneous, even though turns at speaking are allocated by a leader, or arerestricted in other ways. ?

　　The person speaking isn't always the one whose intentions are being expressed. We have theclearest examples in fictional settings. Vivian Leigh plays Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with theWind", Frank Sinatra sings a love song in front of a live audience, the speakers are eachvocalizing words composed by someone else - for instance a playwright or a composer - andare openly pretending to be expressing opinions that aren't necessarily their own. Finally thereare private settings when people speak for themselves without actually addressing anyone else,for example, I might explain silently to myself, or talk to myself about solving a researchproblem, or rehearsing what I'm about to say in a seminar tomorrow. What I say isn't intendedto be recognized by other people, it is only of use to myself. These are the features of privatesettings.??

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