2015英语专四模拟题（3）

　　PART Ⅴ READING COMPREHENSION (25 MIN)

　　82、根据以下资料，回答82-101题：

　　German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck may be most famous for his military and diplomatic talent, but his legacy includes many of today's social insurance programs.During the middle of the 19th century, Germany, along with other European nations, experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization.Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world's first workers' compensation law in 1884.

　　By 1908, the United States was the only industrial nation in the world that lacked workers' compensation insurance.America's injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law, but they still faced a number of tough legal barriers.For example, employees had to prove that their injuries directiy resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace. The first state workers' compensation law in this country passed in 1911, and the program soon spread throughout the nation.

　　After World War II, benefit payments to American workers did not keep up with the cost of living.In fact, real benefit levels were lower in the 1970s than they were in the 1940s, and in most states the maximum benefit was below the poverty level for a family of four.In 1970, President Richard Nixon set up a national commission to study the problems of workers' compensation.Two years later, the commission issued 19 key recommendations, including one that called for increasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states' average weekly wages.

　　In fact, the average compensation benefit in America has climbed from 55 percent of the states' average weekly wages in 1972 to 97 percent today.But, as most studies show, every 10 percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 percent increase in the numbers of workers who file for claims.And with so much more money floating in the workers' compensation system, it's not surprising that doctors and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie.

　　The world's first workers' compensation law was introduced by Bismarck

　　A.to make industrial production safer

　　B.to speed up the pace of industrialization

　　C.out of religious and political considerations

　　D.for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movement

　　83、 We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe ________

　　A.was accompanied by an increased number of workshop accidents

　　B.resulted in the development of popular social insurance programs

　　C.required workers to be aware of the potential dangers at the workplace

　　D.met growing resistance from laborers working at machines

　　84、 One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in the early 20th century was that ________.

　　A.they had to have the courage to sue for damages in a court of law

　　B.different states in the U.S.had totally different compensation programs

　　C.America's average compensation benefit was much lower than the cost of living

　　D.they had to produce evidence that their employers were responsible for the accident

　　85、 After 1972 workers' compensation insurance in the U.S.became more favorable to workers, so ________.

　　A.the poverty level for a family of four went up drastically

　　B.there were fewer legal barriers when they filed for claims

　　C.the number of workers suing for damages increased

　　D.more money was allocated to their compensation system

　　86、 The author ends the passage with the implication that

　　A.compensation benefits in America are soaring to new heights

　　B.the workers are not the only ones to benefit from the compensation system

　　C.people from all walks of life can benefit from the compensation system

　　D.money floating in the compensation system is a huge drain on the U.S.economy

　　87、根据以下资料，回答87-106题：

　　Given the briefest of glances at a picture, most people believe they have not had time to recognize anything in it at all.Ask them whether they saw an animal and they consider themselves to be making a futile guess. Yet those guesses are right much more often than they are wrong.That is because the brain can carry out immediate visual processing even when it does not have time for any cognitive back-chatter.A neuroscientist trying to understand how people recognize objects would thus start with this simplest of systems.

　　That is the purpose of Dr.Serre's computer.His project is nothing less than an attempt to reverse-engineer the relevant part of the brain.That part is the ventral visual pathway.Anatomy shows that it is organized into numerous areas.Experiments on monkeys, in which researchers have recorded what excites individual nerve cells in each of these areas, give strong hints about how it works.

　　The pathway is hierarchical.Signals from the retina flow to the most basic processing area first; the cells in that area fire up others in the next area; and so on.Those in the first area are fussy.They react to edges or bars in particular orientations.By combining their signals, however, cells in the second area can respond to comers or bars in any orientation.And so the system builds up.Cells in the final area can recognize general things, animals included.

　　Dr.Serre considered his computer's processing units analogous to nerve cells, and he organized them into areas, just as they are in real brains. Then he let the machine learn in much the same way that babies do.First he simulates early developmettt when nerve cells are plastic.At this stage babies' brains tune their nerve cells to visual features according to how common those features are in the world around them.That is why kittens raised so that they see only vertical lines have brains that look different from those raised in an environment with purely horizontal ones.

　　Dr.Serre's processor developed sensitivities in a similar fashion when he showed it lots of photographs.That stage complete, he then told the computer when what it "saw" contained an animal, and when it did not.

　　" The result was a model that closely imitates the ventral visual pathway.Processing units in each area are sensitive to the same set of features as nerve cells in the brain's analogous areas, and they are linked together as they are in the brain.This artificial recognition system correctly distinguishes photographs containing animals from those without creatures 82% of the time; Dr.Serre's students get it fight 80% of the time.Moreover, his computer and his volunteers tend to slip up on the same images--and turning photographs on their sides makes poorer animal-recognizers out of both, by roughly the same amount.

　　The phrase "cognitive back-chatter" in Paragraph 1 probably means ________.

　　A.communication with others

　　B.response to certain stimulation

　　C.instant processing of information

　　D.recognizing pictures or objects

　　88、 Which of the following statements is TRUE about ventral visual pathway?

　　A.It is made up of several parallel areas.

　　B.It is the part in brain relevant to recognizing objects.

　　C.Nerve cells in it respond to edges or bars in various orientations.

　　D.There are difficult areas processing different kinds of data.

　　89、 Dr.Serre's processor ________ when shown a lot of photographs.

　　A.demonstrated no change

　　B.reacted in the same way

　　C.developed sensitivities

　　D.displayed inaccessibility

　　90、 What is the passage mainly about?

　　A.A research project.

　　B.A computer processor.

　　C.A voluntary program.

　　D.A visual process.

　　91、根据以下资料，回答91-110题：

　　Not often in the story of mankind does a man arrive on earth who is both steel and velvet, who is as hard as rock and soft as drifting fog, who knows in his heart and mind the paradox of terrible storm and peace unspeakable and perfect.Here and there across centuries come reports of men alleged to have these contrasts and the incomparable Abraham Lincoln, born 150 years ago this day, is an approach if not a perfect realization of this character.

　　In the time of the April lilacs in the year 1865, Lincoln's death, the casket with his body was carried northwest a thousand miles and the American people wept as never before.During the four years he was President he at times, especially in the first three months, took to himself the powers of a dictator.He commanded the most powerful armies then assembled in modern warfare.He enforced and cruised conscription of soldiers for the first time in American history.

　　And under imperative necessity, he abolished the writ of habeas corpus.He directed politically and spiritually.the wild, massive turbulent forces let loose in Civil War, a war truly as time has shown, of brothers.He argued and pleaded for compensated emancipation of the slaves.The slaves were property.They were on the tax books along with horses and cattle, the valuation of each slave written next to his name on the tax assessor's books.And failing to get action of compensated emancipation, he took the only other course.As a Chief Executive having war powers he issued the paper by which he declared the slaves to be free under military.People, people in many other countries take Lincoln now for their own.He belongs to them.He stands for decency, honest dealing, plain tall and funny stories.Look where he came from, don't you know he was a struggler and wasn't he a kind of tough struggler all his life right up to the finish? Something like that you can hear in a nearby neighborhood and across the seas. Millions there are who take Lincoln as a personal treasure.He had something they would like to see spread everywhere all over the world--democracy.We can't find the words to say exactly what it is, but he had it.In his blood and bones he carried it.In the breath of his speeches and writings it is there.Popular government, republican institutions government where the people had the say so, one way or another telling their elected leaders what they want.He had the idea.He embodied it.It's there in the lights and shadows of his personality, a mystery that can be lived but never fully spoken in words.

　　Today, when we say perhaps that well assured and most enduring memory onto Lincoln is invisibly there today, tomorrow and for a long time yet to come, it is there in the hearts of the lovers of liberty.Men and women in this country have always had them in crises--men and women who understand that wherever there is freedom, there have been those who have fought, toiled and sacrificed for it.

　　What does the author suggest as far as Abraham Lincoln's characteristics are concerned?

　　A.Indefinable peace.

　　B.Admirable perfect.

　　C.Paradox of extremes.

　　D.Stem but approachable.

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