2011年英语专八真题听力原文

听力原文

　　Part 1, Listening Comprehension

　　SECTION A MINI-LECTURE

　　Classifications of cultures:

　　Good morning everyone, today we’ll look at culture or rather classifications of cultures.Usually when we deal with different people, we deal with them as if we were all members of thesame culture. However, it’s possible that people from different cultures have differentassumptions about the world, regarding such important and basic ideas as time, personalspace. And this is the view of Edward Hall. And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent alarge part of his life studying American Indians, their culture, their language, but he wasdifferent from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture. He was interested inthe relations between cultures, how cultures interact, what Hall believes is that cultures can beclassified by placing them on a continuing, ranging from what he called high-context to low-context.

　　OK, what is a high-context culture? A high-context culture is a culture in which thecontext of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning andsignificance. What this means is that in a high-context culture more attention is paid to what’shappening in and around the message than to the message itself. Now let me give youexamples. First in terms of personal space, generally speaking in a high-context culture,because there’s a greater dependency on group thinking, people lean towards heavier sensoryinvolvement or closeness to people. And they have less respect for privacy, for personalspace. If you go into that culture, people might stand closer when they’re talking to you. Theymight touch more and if they’re justled in a crowd, they won’t feel violated. And also peoplefrom a high-context culture pay attention to body language. Because remember what I said,the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of themessage than to the message itself. And part of the context is body language. Second interms of time, people in high-context cultures are considered to have what is called apolychronic attitude toward time. Here “poly” means multiple and “chronic” means time. Whatthis means is that they believe people, things, events have their own time and there can’t be astandard system of time for everything. What this leads them to believe is that you can’temphasize punctuality. Things happen when they are supposed to happen. So there’s adifferent attitude toward time. There is no set standard of time. You can’t control time.Everything has its own sense of time. So it’s a culture that pays little attention to time, to clocktime.

　　Now, let’s move on to low-context culture. A lower context culture is just the opposite. Alow-context culture is one in which the message, the event or the action is a separate entity,having meaning onto itself, regardless of the surroundings or the context. That the message,the event, the action has meaning in itself. So what this means in a low-context culture is thatpeople pay more attention to the event itself rather than to the context which surrounds theevent or the message. For example, in terms of personal space again. There’s more emphasison individuality, so the concept of privacy is very very important whereas before as I said ina high-context culture they might not even be concerned with privacy or personal space. Butin a low-context culture, there’s a feeling that we each have our own personal space. If you gettoo close, if you don’t knock on doors before entering, that’s an invasion of privacy; peoplefeel violated. There’s a respect and desire for privacy, and you also see that people might payless attention to body language because as I said the message is, the message is everything.They are not going to worry about all the details around it. What you say is the important thingor what you do is the important thing. Another example of a low-context culture is people’sattitude towards time. In terms of time, I said before there was a polychronic sense of time in ahigh-context culture. What do you think there would be in a low-context culture?Monochronic! Right! A monochronic sense of time and by that we mean that there is one time.And that concept means that people in a low-context culture believe that there’s one standardof time and that should be for everything. And so I’m not willing to hear “Oh, the traffic washeavy. That’s why I am late. ” or “Oh, I slept late.” People in a low-context culture would bemuch more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time;there shouldn’t be all this flexibility with time and they expect punctuality. And they look attime as almost a commodity that they use expressions like “use time”, “to waste time”, “tospend time” or “time is money”. All of these expressions reinforce the concept that time isactually something you can hold onto. So what this is all about is that Hall expresses thatpeople need to be aware of these different consumptions or concepts about reality. And hethinks that this has all kinds of relevance no matter what you’re doing, if you’re in business,negotiations, interpersonal relations. If you’re dealing with people from different cultures in anyway, it’s going to affect every part of your life. In any multicultural situation, theseassumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions.

　　Ok, today, we’ll take a brief look at Edward Hall’s view of culture, mainly his classification ofhigh or low context culture with some examples. Next week, we’ll look at some more examplesof cultures on the continuing between high-context and low-context cultures.

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